№ 121(7), September, 2016
Public date: 30.09.2016
Archive of journal: Articles count 138, 339 kb
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Description
From a huge number of the organisms inhabiting our planet, insects make 70%, being the most numerous of the invertebrate animal classes numbering more than 2 million types. It is difficult to find such place where it would be impossible to meet representatives of this huge class. They completely took over the entire environment - water, the land, air. For them, it is the common characteristic: complex instincts, omnivorous, high fecundity, and for some of them – a public way of life. Insects can be found at tremendous heights, reaching the level of 5000 meters, and they inhabit the desert where it practically never rains, not to mention the absence of any vegetation. Deep caves where no sunlight, nor the conditions for food and existence of living organisms — it is also the habitat of insects, they can be found far beyond the Arctic circle, and even on many Islands of Antarctica, where in addition to lifeless rock, it would seem that there is nothing else. Among insects, one of the largest and most numerous families are the ground beetles (Carabidae). They subtly respond to changes in soil and vegetation, hydrothermal and micro-climatic conditions of the environment, which makes them a convenient model subject to various environmental and Zoological researches. Ground beetles belong to a large number of genera and species, often difficult to see, in this regard, we use many different signs to diagnose. We have taken into consideration the coloration, body shape, external structure, surface structure, size, and arrangement of the genitals and chaetotaxy. Due to the fact, that the number of ground beetles is enormous, and, using their appearance, it is very difficult to determine their generic identity, there is a need of automation of the identification process, due to which we require a special mechanism that would increase the accuracy of these insects. In the previous work of the authors (http://ej.kubagro.ru/2016/05/pdf/01.pdf) we considered the further possibility of using the method of ASC- analysis to classify insects, not only in species but also in genera, orders, thereby increasing the reliability of determination of ground beetles, which will be done in this article. A numerical example is given. We also have gained a successful experience of solving such problems in other subject areas. This article can be considered as a continuation of the series of works dedicated to governmental use of the automated system-cognitive analysis (ASC-analysis) and its software tools – the system of "Eidos"
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A CORN HARVESTER CONSTRUCTION AND CALCULATION METHOD DEVELOPMENT FOR CORN COBS SEPARATION FROM STEM
Description
The article presents research results of a corn harvester device for corn cobs separation from the stalks, constructed as a separate picker. Each picker unit consists of three pairs of flat conveying belts arranged in parallel to vertical planes, namely an upper pair of conveying belts, the lower pair of conveying belts and fixed to corn harvester sweep frame, kinematically is not connected to other mechanisms and is provided with electric power with the possibility of adjusting the width of the aisle and the rapid replacement of the failed module with a spare unit in the field repairs. Picker module provides simultaneous rotation of corn ear on its axis and motion relative to the stem that reduces corn cobs defect and energy consumption for separating cob from stalk. The method of calculation of the basic design parameters of the picker module is developed
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Description
The article presents results of design development and calculation methodology for corn harvesters stalks shearing mechanism constructed as a module with a storage device. According to the number of engagement rows, these modules are mounted on the sweep frame of corn harvesters. All modules have the ability to accumulate energy, the rotation of saws in which at each time point does not depend on saws rotation in other modules and they are not connected with each other and with other mechanisms. Constructive execution of corn stalks shearing mechanism with accumulation device allows rapid separation of each module from the frame of the corn harvester in order to eliminate possible problems (change of saw or the entire module assembly). The methods of the energy storage calculation and electric motor power selection for each module are presented
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DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH OF A CORN HARVESTER WITH SWEEP FRAME DESIGN
Description
The article demonstrates a possibility of creation of a corn harvester with a sweep frame mounted from individual modules. Such corn harvesters include modules for cutting stalks, snapping modules, conveyor modules for turning, stacking and feeding the stalks in the shredding unit, conveyor modules for supplying corncobs to the cleaning device placed on the sweep frame, leading and managing bridges, power unit, as well as conveyor belt for cobs and auger for discharging the crushed plant matter. The technique for calculating the grinding module drive was shown. The arrangement of the modules on the corn harvester sweep frame was demonstrated. Corn harvesting with the suggested module corn harvester allows not only reducing combine metal consumption and reducing corn ears injuring, but improving maintainability as well
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Description
The aim of the work is theoretical and experimental confirmation of the possibility of improving the rate of acceleration of tractor units due to installing of elastic-damping mechanism with variable stiffness in tractor transmission. Speed tractors application in agricultural production meets a number of difficulties associated with the unsteady processes during acceleration of machine and tractor units. The resulting large inertial loads when accelerating result in loss of engine power, due to which the machinetractor unit is operating at reduced performance and efficiency. An analysis of published studies shows that the acceleration performance of tractor units is greatly influenced by the stiffness and damping properties of the transmission of energy resources. To provide smooth acceleration of the unit it is proposed to install elastic-damping mechanism with variable stiffness in tractor transmission. As a result, the tension of the acceleration process decreases. The results of analytical and experimental studies on the effect of elastic-damping mechanism installed in the class 5 tractor transmission, on acceleration capabilities of tractor units are given. The optimum parameters of elements of elastic-damping mechanism with variable stiffness for class 5 tractors are determined. It is proved that the use of elastic-damping mechanism with a variable stiffness in the tractor transmission improves acceleration indicators
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ZIRCONIUM EFFECT ON THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF TINI BASED ALLOY
Description
We have performed a mechanical activation of TiNi powder; as a result, PN47T26TS27 powder after mechanical activation is flat discs ranging in size from 10 to 30 microns. We have developed a composition technology "steel - material with shape memory effect" by high-velocity oxygen-fuel spraying of mechanically activated powder based on TiNi. We have determined the optimal processing parameters to ensure a nanostructured surface layer. We have estimated the process parameters of highvelocity oxygen-fuel spraying. The basic parameters are: propane flow rate 60-85 l / min, that of oxygen 120-160 l / min, flow rate of powder and carrier gas (argon), distance and angle of deposition, and movement speed of the torch, the rotation speed of the coated workpieces. We have carried out macroand microanalysis of surface layers of Ti-Ni based alloy, obtained on proven technology. We have studied the effect of TiNi doping with a third component Zr. The simulation allows us to predict the possibility of using surface modification of products with SME material TiNiZr under certain conditions of temperature and to determine the desired composition of the coating, which provides a positive effect. We have made tests on steel 45 with a surface-modified layer TiNiZr under dry friction conditions, during which there is a significant increase in temperature, we have confirmed the effect of improving the wear resistance
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Description
The article contains a block diagram of the mechanical activation process of multicomponent shape memory materials, taking into account the variety of influencing factors. We have proposed to evaluate the reactivity of the sprayed material using the energy criterion (energy intensity), determined by the additivity concept as an energy amount of the raw material and energy accumulated during mechanical activation. Power consumption of the raw material depends on the chemical and phase composition and is determined based on the similarity between the melting energy, plastic deformation and fracture on the thermodynamic characteristics and diagrams of the systems. The energy stored in the MA is determined on the basis of X-ray structural analysis. We have demonstrated that with increasing of grinding precision there is growth in the number of active centers, which enables nanostructurization of surface layers in high-velocity oxygen-fuel spraying (HVOF). According to the study, we have developed practical recommendations for effective implementation of mechanical activation of the shape memory material
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FREE-COOLING IN SEASONAL COLD ACCUMULATOR
Description
One of the traditional ways of reducing energy consumption is the utilization of seasonal cold accumulator which takes advantage of the geographical location of a country that allows, during the winter season, that is, November, December, January, February, March accumulates cold as a result of lower ambient temperature in these months. Significant amount of electricity is reduced as well as reduced operating refrigerant, which is harmful to the environment. The article presents determination of the size of cold storage with charging devices as chiller and dry-cooler. The approximate costs of the device operation as well as the time of assembly of these components have been obtained. The design of a seasonal cold accumulator is a system that brings a number of economic and ecological advantages. The seasonal tank design is a prototype of the chiller; it is smaller than the actual tank that will be selected for the highest hourly energy demand. This means that the actual device should be several times larger than the device that was used in the project. By selecting a small chiller and fewer refrigerants (mainly chlorofluorocarbons) called R- 410A, the environment would be saved from contaminants which are hazardous
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SOME ASPECTS OF REDUCING FRUIT DAMAGE DURING HARVESTING AND TRANSPORT OPERATIONS
Description
Fruit harvesting is the final and decisive operation in the general work plan for growing fruit, which largely determines the qualitative and quantitative indicators of production and economy of industry in general. Increasing productivity by improving the safety of fruits and vegetables is a priority and not an easy task. For example, the use of cleaning technologies with the use of machinery for harvesting of apples by shaking can significantly reduce the time of gathering fruit compared to hand harvesting. This technology may be applicable, if the fruit is grown for the manufacture of juices, jams, etc. Currently, in several European countries and in the USA, they widely use fruit harvesting platforms and machines. The leader in the production of fruit harvesting platforms is Italy. To reduce the damage to fruit in agriculture, the analysis of the traumatic factors is of great importance, with the analysis of available machines and their subsequent modernization with the aim of improving the reliability and quality of harvesting and transport process, taking into account of the algorithm for solving these problems, the creation of new varieties of fruits and vegetables suitable for machine processing, strict compliance with deadlines and agronomic requirements for the performed technological operations, taking into account the savings of energy and resources when using mobile technology. In addition to the modernization of the machines for efficient operation, it is necessary to improve also the scheme of planting of gardens and methods of cultivation, transfer horticulture to intensive way of development
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Description
The article presents the comparative characteristics of the current (diffusion) and developed (diffusion-press) sucrose extraction technology from sugar beet cossettes. We have presented the graphs of the influence of raw juice pumping value on its cleanliness and residual content of sucrose in partially desugared beet cossetes, the influence of partially desugared beet cossetes pressing power on residual content of sucrose in the pressed pulp and losses of sucrose with pressed pulp and also the technological scheme and regimes of diffusion-press extraction of sucrose from sugar beet cossettes. The criteria for determining the boundary parameters of diffusion and press sucrose extraction stages are identified. The comparative assessment of technological and economic indicators of the existing and the developed technologies of sucrose extraction from the beet cossettes is shown. The developed technology allows reducing raw juice pumping value simultaneously increasing its purity, thereby providing reduction of auxiliary materials and energy resources consumption, as well as increasing sugar yield. The technology of diffusion-press extraction of sucrose is implemented on 2 sugar beet factories of the Russian Federation. The economic effect from its implementation is more than 45 mln. rubles
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