State Scientific Organization North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Author list of organization
List of articles written by the authors of the organization
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Description
Industrial horticulture assumes the most effective use of the potential of varieties. One of the key factors determining the yield of garden plantings is the effectiveness of pollination. To obtain the maximum yield, it is necessary to ensure maximum pollination during the flowering period. For this reason, much attention has been paid to the selection of pollinators. Crab-apple forms are promising for use as pollinators, so this work was aimed at identifying the most common alleles of the self-incompatibility gene in the crab-forms using the molecular genetic method of analysis. The object of the study was 29 apple-tree creams and 3 elite selection forms. They carried out the molecular genetic identification of alleles S2 and S10, which are among the most common apple trees in the world gene pool. Allele S2 was identified in 16 samples (14 forms and 2 elite selection forms), while S10 allele in one sample (elite form 12/2-20 (24-28)). Data on the allelic composition of the S gene in the samples studied are of value for the formation of a genetic passport on the compatibility of the studied samples of apple with modern industrial varieties
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Description
The pathogenic agent of apple scab disease, Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Winter, causes significant damage to the industrial production of apples. Studying the pathogen in pure culture is important for solving the theoretical and practical issues of its biology. The sporulation ability of the Venturia inaequalis laboratory culture is an important diagnostic feature in morphological culture analysis, in the test for sensitivity to fungicides, when creating a collection inoculum for an artificial infection. We have studied the morphological features of conidiogenesis of pure V. inaequalis culture, such as the location of conidiogenic structures and their form. For the first time in the laboratory culture of the pathogen, sporulation in the thickness of agar on the substrate mycelium was demonstrated. Conidiogenesis proceeded according to the blastic-annellidic type. Depending on the location of the conidiogenic structures on the aerial or substrate mycelium, their morphology was different. Conidiogenic areas in the substrate mycelium could be observed with the unaided eye, in the form of hyphal grit, while they were conidia conglomerations in each annelid. Annellide had a curved shape. On the aerial mycelium, annelids were straight and always had only one conidium. Differences in the morphology of conidiogenic structures are supposed to be related to the physical conditions of the environment in which sporulation takes place. In the agar, each mature conidium remaining at the apex of the annelid interferes with the formation of the next one, which results in its bending. The fixed arrangement of conidiogenic structures and forming conidia in the thickness of agar allows the use of substrate sporification for model studies of the conidiogenesis process
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Description
Results of the research on ecological safety of utilizing high clearance tractors for cultivation and harvesting of high stalk plants are presented. Purpose of the research was to decrease damaging of high stalk plants during multi-pass harvesting by tractor parts. For increasing efficiency and competitiveness of high stalk plants decreasing prime cost of production, increasing profitability and labor productivity are required. This can be achieved by introducing complex factors, which together with other factors as complex technological and technical modernization are required. Basic direction of modernization is utilizing completely new technologies and renewal of machines. Modern tractors utilized for tobacco growing have been analyzed. Basic demands for high clearance tractor which can be used for tobacco, grape and fruit trees growing have been developed. Researches on studying the tobacco plant folding during harvesting have been carried. Scheme of high clearance tractor MTZ-80 which can be assembled with machines for multi-pass harvesting of high stalk plants without their damaging has been developed. New scheme for modernization tractor MTZ-80 into high clearance model has been proposed. It can be done by changing speed reducers and forward wheels with size 11,2x20 on size 11,2x28. This will increase clearance from 470 to 840 mm
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Description
In the course of the work, 33 ISSR markers were evaluated for efficacy in the detection of genetic changes in regenerants of Galanthus woronowii Losinsk.. Ten markers were found suitable for genotyping according to the species under study. Five samples from the selected ten were analyzed for a sample of 20 plants of regenerants and a mother plant. The obtained data testify to genetic stability of plant material in the process of microclonal propagation
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Description
This article presents the results of testing IRAP DNA markers Cass1 and Cass2 applied to Prunus spinosa. The findings suggest the high perspectiveness of their using for the study of genetic diversity of the gene pool of this species. According to the results of the analysis of the sample 12 genotypes were identified from 6 to 13 fragments in the spectrum of Cass1 and from 5 to 11 fragments for Cass2. As a result of cluster analysis in the sample formed three groups of samples. In one of the groups, which is most distant from the other two, includes samples taken in Ukraine, while the remaining two groups included samples from Armenia, the Krasnodar region region, the Republic of Adygea, Ukraine and Moldova, and three cultural large-fruited form. The distribution of samples in clusters corresponded to their geographical origin that favors the objective assessment of genetic distances between the samples using Cass1 and Cass2 markers. Thus, it was concluded that the prospects of using DNA markers to study the genetic diversity within a species of Prunus spinosa
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Description
The work presents results of the study of Cupressocyparis Leylandii J. and Thuja L. varieties in the conditions of the Kuban zone of horticulture of the Krasnodar region on the main adaptive features: winter hardiness, drought resistance, resistance to common diseases, and decorative features. The aim of the research was to identify the most adaptive and highly decorative varieties of Cupressocyparis and Thuja in the conditions of increasing abiotic and biotic stresses and to form an adaptive and promising assortment of coniferous plants for the conditions of the south Russia's gardening. The results of a complex assessment of 6 introduced varieties Cupressocyparis Leylandii J. and 12 varieties of Thuja L. are presented. The varietal features of adaptability and decorativeness was established in specific growth conditions, which made it possible to identify the most adaptive, combining resistance to temperature stresses (drought-resistant, winter-hardy), major diseases and pests in combination with high decorative indices (architectonics of the crown, color of needles, vitality, decorative period). These are Cupressocyparis Leylandii J. varieties: Leightons Green, Variegata, Gold Rider; and Thuja L. varieties: Degroots Spire, Mini Smaragd, Atrovirens, Dura, Brabant, Can-Can, which showed a high adaptation to the weather and climatic conditions of the southern region in combination with decorativeness, recommended for the extension of the assortment of coniferous plants and creation of garden landscapes in the conditions of the south of Russia
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IMPROVEMENT OF AGROTECHNOLOGICAL METHODS IN A FRUIT TREE NURSERY
DescriptionAgro-technological operations, achieved in the specialized fruit tree nurseries are directed toward the optimization of the seedlings cultivation conditions. The agro-chemicals application is one of the most important technological questions in production system. The method of the complex use of physiologically active materials with the nourishing salts is directed, in the first place, toward the development of the healthy, actively functioning assimilation apparatus of the perennial plant, whose task – the balanced increase and the formation of reproductive organs already in the early stages of ontogenesis. In the article the results of work on introduction into the flow chart of the production of the apple tree landing material of bio stimulants and fertilizers of the directional effect are represented. Positive effect from the introduction into the diagram of nourishing salts of stamp N20P8K8+1,5Mg+9S in different combinations with the preparations: «lignogumat» of sodium, «lignogumat» of potassium, by ethane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, by the natural stimulator of an increase «Silk» it was reflected in the level of the plants security of with mineral elements, it contributed to an increase on 5,7-10,2 % the diameter of trunk; the height of seedlings exceeded index in the control on 4,9-6,2 %
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Description
This overview and theoretical article deals with the consideration of hypothetical possibilities for the development of molecular-kinetic markers of agricultural plants allowing to quantify the effect of genotype-environment interaction on the basis of stability studies of mRNA. The development in view is based on the results of studies of the mRNA decay identity in vivo and in vitro (the ommp system), as well as the phenomenon of RNA interference (RNAi), widely studied in plants. The ommp system has allowed to establish the relationship of the cultivar-specific growth reaction to the effects of low positive temperatures, dehydration, salinity, illumination and biologically active substances with the stability of the total and a number of gene-specific mRNAs of green and etiolated seedlings of winter soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Similar studies of mRNA stability have been conducted on ripening grains of maize (Zea mays L.), with a particular result of the in vivo and in vitro decay identity confirmed for major mRNAs of stored proteins, 19 and 22 kDa zeins, of normal maize and mutant according to the regulatory gene opaque-2, changing the amount and stability of zein mRNA in the maturing grain of high-lysine maize. Regulatory response of the organism through RNAi is also multiple and includes neutralization of viral and bacterial infections, reaction to pathogens and biologically active substances, circadian rhythms, water stress, hypoxia, mechanical stress, mineral nutrition, salt stress and temperature changes. Unfavorable environmental influences result in an increase or decrease in the expression of certain microRNAs (miRNAs). The change in mRNA stability is an important component of the gene expression regulation system in eukaryotic cells. The main determinants of mRNA stability are in the 3'-untranslated region. It is the It is the (U)nА sequence and the degree of polyadenylation of mRNA, i.e. length of its terminal homonucleotide chain. It is to this region that mRNA molecules are complementary to miRNA. The most important component, which largely determines the regularity of the genotype-environment interaction, is the polyadenyl sequence at the 3 'end of the mRNA. Its length depends both on the genotype and on the environmental conditions. There is evidence that polyadenylation degree of mRNA determines the secondary structure of the molecule. As is known, deadenylation of mRNA reduces its lifetime, and when the poly-A-tail reaches several dozens of nucleotides, an explosive disintegration of the mRNA molecule occurs. Consequently, in a living cell the following mRNA decomposition scheme appears to be logical: shortening the poly-A-tail of the mRNA opens the sites of miRNA interaction with the 3'-non-coding region of the mRNA molecule, which causes its degradation. Thus, it is safe to assume that the interaction of mRNA and miRNA in the ommp system is the underlying process for molecular-kinetic markers under development
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A MODIFIED PROTOCOL OF RNA ISOLATION FROM MATURE LEAVES OF GRAPES FOR RT-PCR
DescriptionIsolation of high-quality RNA from the tissues of perennial woody plants, including woody grape vines, is very difficult due to the high content of phenolic compounds, secondary metabolites and polysaccharides and the ribonuclease activity of destroyed tissues. Most of the existing methods require either large time or financial costs, or do not give reproducible results in the case of RNA extraction from mature grape tissues. The modified isolation protocol is based on a combination and modification of the known RNA extraction methods, taking into account the characteristics of mature grape tissues. Existing commercial kits for the isolation of RNA from plant tissues showed a low efficiency of RNA extraction from mature grape tissues, primarily associated with "varietal specificity". Reproducible results in the extraction of RNA showed CTAB-method, however, it has several significant drawbacks associated with the duration of the extraction and the complexity of the processing of an RNA preparation with a DNAase. The developed method is based on increasing the concentration of mercaptoethanol and polyvinylpyrrolidone in the extraction buffer, eliminating the stage of RNA selective precipitation via LiCl, and replacing it with deposition on a silica-based membrane (SiO2) followed by processing with DNA-ase. and increase the purity of the preparation of RNA from genomic DNA in comparison with the original method. A modified isolation protocol was developed based on a combination and modification of known RNA extraction methods, taking into account the characteristics of mature grape tissues. This solution allows to obtain reproducible quantity and quality of RNA for the subsequent synthesis of cDNA and RT-PCR
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CLONALE MICROPROPOGATION AND SANITATION OF PRUNUS DOMESTICA FROM THE PLUM POX POTYVIRUS (PPV)
DescriptionIn the article we present the analysis of the results of studies of russian, foreign scientists, as well as our own data, obtained in the clonal micro-multiplication and sanitation of the plum domestic from Sharkey's virus (PPV). The urgency of work is determined by the fact that the plum is the second on the significance culture in horticulture of the south of Russia. One of the most economically significant objects of virus etiology on the discharge of relative is considered to be Sharkey's virus of plum (Plum pox potyvirus). In the Krasnodar region and in the Russian Federation for the first time, Sharkey's virus of plum was discovered in the end of the 1980th, after which it widely extended into other regions of the country. In the complex of the methods of sanitation from Sharkey's virus of plum we successfully use thermo- and chemotherapy in combination with the method of apical meristem. The mechanism of the formation of virus-free meristem consists of the delay of the process of the replication of virus particles from the rapid, anticipating increase in the rudimentary cloths and organs, especially, if plant undergoes by thermo- or chemotherapy. As virucide there are used the preparations neo -DHt (85 mG/l), and also salycilic acid in the concentration of 3kh10-4 M with the simultaneous magnetic-pulse working of mericlons. As the most suitable nutrient medium for the micro-multiplication of plum we considered Murasige- Skoog medium, on basis of which we have prepared different modifications. As the growth factors, which increase the effectiveness of multiplication, we used 6-BAP in the concentration 0,5-1 mG/l (in the stage of introduction into the culture and the stage of animated cartoon). For the improvement in the quality of the micro-shoots of plum, additionally to the growth factors, one should apply succinic acid, succinates of potassium and sodium in the concentration 4 mG/l. Obtained in the course of clonal micro-multiplication and adapted mericlons will be tested to the virus carrying ability and will be approved according to the quality signs. The ovaries of initial plants are embedded by healthy quality seedlings