FSBSI Agricultural Research center «Donskoу»
Author list of organization
List of articles written by the authors of the organization
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STANDARD MANUFACTURING SCHEME ADAPTATION FOR A SMALL-SCALE INTRAECONOMIC MIXED FODDER PLANT
05.20.00 Processes and machines of agroengineering systems
Description
The research object are methods of standard manufacturing schemes adaptation for small-scale intraeconomic mixed fodder plants. The standard manufacturing scheme adapts for specific plant by process of elimination of unnecessary additional technological modules in this configuration, or in their changeover by other modules allowing to achieve the required quality level of processing of raw materials or compound feed by changeover of the available technological operations by more perfect and also in adding in the scheme of new modules. The adaptation algorithm of the standard manufacturing scheme for production the compound feeds is developed for the intraeconomic plant. The algorithm creates an opportunity as much as possible to consider specific conditions and needs of specific agricultural enterprise in case of design. Application of the adapted modular technological circuits on the designed small-scale formula-feed plants will allow to increase considerably nutritional value and biological safety of the produced compound feeds
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INFLUENCE OF PREDECESSORS AND TECH-NOLOGIES OF PROCESSING ON DEVELOP-MENT OF WEEDS
Description
Issues related to the contamination of crops are topical and very relevant. All this fully applies to the main crop produced in the South of Russia – winter wheat. In this regard, the presented results of studies of the influence of predecessors and tillage technologies on the development of weeds in the cultivation of winter wheat are relevant. Experimental studies were carried out in conditions of many years of experience located in the FEDERAL state scientific institution «ANTS «Donskoy». The influence of different methods of sowing (ordinary, scattered, belt) and technologies of tillage (dumping, non-dumping, surface, small) on infestation of winter wheat is considered. It is established that the least amount of weed plants is provided at scattered sowing on the background of deep tillage. The main treatment at a depth of 18-20 cm reduces the number of weeds by 47% in comparison with the surface (8-10 cm), and the scattered sowing reduces their number by 80%, since weeds are in more severe conditions compared to winter wheat, the rapid development of which contributes to the optimal nutrition area. Of the predecessors, the most acceptable is the steam with the number of weeds 7-25 PCs / m2, which is several times less than after peas, or corn after silage
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INFLUENCE OF THE TECHNOLOGY OF TILLAGE ON THE MOISTURE OF THE PRO-CESSED LAYER
05.20.00 Processes and machines of agroengineering systems
Description
Currently in the South of Russia, the most acute problem of accumulation and preservation of productive moisture in arable layer of soil. This fact has a decisive influence on the yield of agricultural crops. The need to study the dynamics of accumulation of moisture of the treated soil due to the fact that at the first stage of development plants are very sensitive to moisture content in the rooting zone of the soil. Practically the regulation of the moisture content of the processed layer may correct the influence of soil tillage aggregates with different types of working bodies. The work was performed in FSRI of the «ASC «Donskoy» (Zernograd, Rostov area), in the conditions of stationary experience (4,3 ha), 2013-2015, where explores various technologies of soil treatment, including no treatment. To obtain comparable results the same selected set (rotation) of crops (winter wheat, spring barley, pea, vapor). As a result of researches it is established that on steam background (76,1-46,2 mm) content of productive moisture is more than two times higher than on other backgrounds (of 30,6-46,2 mm). This allows us to talk about the effectiveness of the fallow field from the point of view of accumulation of moisture. The analysis of statistical data allows making a conclusion about the impact of crops on the dynamics of productive moisture. On the other hand, the rating statistics of the received data with backgrounds treated with different technologies did not allow to find significant advantages to any of them, as the area under the curve ROС analysis does not exceed the value of 0,6. Therefore, the studied backgrounds in the period of the research have equal influence on the moisture content of the treated soil layer
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OPPORTUNITIES TO REDUCE OPERATING COSTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF LEGUMINOUS CROPS
05.20.00 Processes and machines of agroengineering systems
Description
The article considers the possibility of reducing the cost of tillage in the production of grain crops. The most important economic characteristic of production is operating costs. In terms of agricultural production, they represent the amount of contributions to wages, depreciation, repairs, and the cost of fuel, lubricants and other consumables. In this regard, the aim of the research was to determine the dynamics of operating costs in the production of legumes. Determination of the dynamics of operating costs was carried out on the basis of the results of studies of energy-saving technologies in a stationary experience. Variants of processing of the soil on the conventional technology was layered subsurface tillage combined unit, UNS-3, the layered subsurface tillage unit CUO-2 and conventional tillage (PN-5-35). No provision was made for zero tillage technology. As a result of the research it was found that on pre-sowing tillage and sowing, the value of operating costs varies for the crops under consideration, but has almost the same values (within each crop) for the methods of the main tillage. More preferable for this type of work is zero tillage, as it provides 21-29% lower operating costs due to direct sowing of crops. The highest operating costs for all the crops under consideration are observed in the main tillage. In the same technological period of work operating costs are the most variable. Thus, depending on the technology of the tillage when growing winter wheat, they change within 117,2-5229,2, the production of spring barley - to 167,8-4517,4 and in the production of peas – to 136,6-4517,4 thousand rubles
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06.01.05 Selection and seed production of agricultural plants (agricultural sciences)
Description
The purpose of the work was to test the winter wheat varieties artificially infected with North-Caucasus brown rust to identify its harmfulness. There was carried out a two-stage testing on two sets (8 and 10) of varieties that differed in their resistance to the pathogen. As a result, there has been identified high brown rust harmfulness in susceptible varieties, which led to a yield decrease from 16.3 to 32.2%. Among the maximum infected varieties, there has been identified the most tolerant variety ‘Tarasovskaya 29’ which, when damaged to 100%, had a minimum yield decrease (less than 10.6%). The poorly susceptible to brown rust varieties reduced their yields from 11.2% to 20.7%. Among them, the variety ‘Spartak’ showed lower rates of a yield decline. Among the five varieties that showed an average brown rust affection, there have been noted various indicators of a yield decrease. The variety ‘Donskaya Yubileynaya’ showed a minimum decrease of a yield and its structural elements under the conditions of artificial infection with brown rust; and together with the variety ‘Tarasovskaya 29’ can be classed to the varieties tolerant to brown rust. When predicting brown rust epiphytoty the susceptible and medium-resistant wheat varieties require obligatory protection with fungicides
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USING MICRONUTRIENTS AND GROWTH REGULATORS IN THE CULTIVATION OF WINTER WHEAT
Description
The introduction of innovative technologies of cultivation of priority crops is not possible without the use of biologics. Their incorporation into the soil or on the leaf surface allows achieving a significant increase in productivity and production quality. Currently, on the market of agrochemical products, micronutrient fertilizers offer a wide and varied range of products, both foreign and domestic production. To select the most appropriate preparations or their combinations in price and the resulting effect is a complex task. Therefore, the aim of this study was the study of living forms of microorganisms and growth regulators on development and productivity of soft winter wheat called Yuka. The research was carried out in 2013-2015 in the fields of training and demonstration center for sustainable technologies in FSRI of the «ASC «Donskoy». As the test drugs we used Extresol 1/t seeds and vegetation 1l/ha; Agrophone KU-8 seeds 2 l/t of the growing season is 2 l/ha; seed Vigor forte of 0,50 g/t on vegetation of 0,25 g/ha; Flavobacterium 1,2 l/t seeds and 0,3 l/ha during growing season; Rostock 0,3 l/t and 0,2 l/ha during growing season; Risotorphine 1,2 l/t and 0,4 l/ha during growing season. As a result of researches it is established that living forms of bacteria preparation «Extrasol» and the growth regulators affected the productivity of winter wheat. The yield increase was from 0,53 t/ha to 0,66 t/ha. Huge positive role was played by biological technology of utilization of plant residues with the use of biological products and growth regulators. The introduction of this technology in the training and demonstration center for the production of winter wheat allowed to get 4056 Rub income from 1 ha, at the level of profitability 158%
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CORRELATION AMONG QUANTITATIVE TRAITS OF SORGHUM GRAIN
06.00.00 Agricultural sciences
Description
At present, the farmers have to develop varieties and hybrids, which fully meet the requirements of agricultural production. The study of correlation among economic-valuable characteristics of grain sorghum is of great importance nowadays, as it allows optimizing plant-breeding work at its early stages. For a more productive process of developing of the initial material in breeding, it is necessary to determine the correlation among the traits to identify the strongest connections, and to conduct further work, based on the obtained data. Knowing the correlation, the estimation of timeconsuming economic trait can be replaced by the assessment of the simpler trait correlated with it. The article presents the analysis of correlation among various traits of grain sorghum. The degree and direction of the correlation have been estimated. The significant effect of the length of vegetation period on many traits has been seen. There have been also mentioned the characteristics, having an influence on a size and a number of kernels per panicle. There is a positive correlation between a size of panicle and dimensions of a leaf (length, width). Along with it there has been found a positive correlation among linier dimensions of a panicle, length and width of a leaf, a number of leaves with a number of kernels per panicle. While studying the correlation between an extension of a panicle with other traits, there has been noted a negative correlation between a length of vegetation period, length and width of a leaf, but there has been found a positive correlation with plant height. There has been found a positive effect of 1000-kernel weight, a number of kernels per panicle, a number of leaves and their dimensions on the formation of kernel weight per panicle
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THE RATIONALE FOR THE USE OF COMBINED UNITS IN THE CULTIVATION OF WINTER WHEAT
06.01.01 General agriculture, crop production (agricultural sciences)
Description
Issues related to the use of combined aggregates in soil preparation are relevant and of scientific and practical interest. The relevance is increased when it comes to the cultivation of the main crop – winter wheat. In this regard, the presented results on the efficiency of using combined aggregates in preparing soil for winter crops are important primarily from a practical point of view. Experimental studies were conducted in the conditions of long-term stationary experience in the Federal state budgetary institution «Agrarian Science Center «Donskoy», Zernograd, Rostov region. The article considers the efficiency of using the combined unit APK-4, developed in "SKNIIMESH" now Federal state research institution of the «Agrarian Science Center «Donskoy» in the cultivation of winter wheat. The structural and technological scheme of a combined unit, the technological process of which consists of several technological operations performed at the same time, is justified. Disk working bodies crush plant residues and destroy weeds. This creates a network of cracks in the underlying soil horizons. Next, there are flat-cutting working bodies that loosen the soil to a set depth. The root system of weeds is pruned, the remaining loosened soil layer is loosened to the required depth, the formation of a smooth bottom of the "furrow", and the separation of erosive soil particles to the bottom of the furrow. Next, the roller starts working – a lump-crushing sealer, which provides crushing of soil lumps on the surface and sub-compaction of the treated layer. The last in the technological chain is a mulching roller, which provides the formation of a compacted seedbed for seeds with simultaneous mulching of the compacted soil layer. The use of the combined unit in the technology of winter wheat cultivation allowed to reduce the number of technological operations by 1,5-2,5 times, increase the productivity of winter wheat by 11-13% and the cost of production by 10,4-18,3 %
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Description
The article deals with the application of the theory of regulation for the synthesis of technological mechanical devices and their replacement by electrical or electronic analogs in order to reduce energy processes in soil cultivating and sowing machines
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ORIGIN OF SORGHUM AND DEVELOPMENT OF ITS BREEDING
06.00.00 Agricultural sciences
Description
Sorghum is cultivated in many countries of the world on around 50 ml hectares. The main producers of sorghum are India, Nigeria, Sudan and the USA. Sorghum comes from equatorial Africa. India and China are the secondary places of origin and formation. The USA achieved great success in breeding, seedgrowing and agro technologies of grain sorghum. In the country sorghum occupies 14.4% of the world amount of sowing areas; the gross yield is 40%. Sorghum breeding on Don was started by E.S. Yakushevsky in 1938. In 1963 after a long break the work was restarted at the Zernograd Breeding Station headed by Ya.I. Issakov. At present the amount of sowing areas for sorghum is constantly increasing in RF (220.3 thousand ha in 2015). It occurs due to aridity of climate and more frequent use of the crop as insurance. Besides, the development of white kernel varieties gave an opportunity to use sorghum for starch and spirit. There are 221 varieties and hybrids of sorghum registered in the State List. The main directions of breeding work with grain sorghum are early maturity, suitability for mechanical harvesting, productivity and grain quality. The ARRIGC developed the white kernel early maturing varieties ‘Velikan’, ‘Zernogradskoe 88’, ‘Ataman’ without necessity to be dried after harvesting, with productivity of 8 t/ha. The main directions of breeding work with sweet sorghum are early maturity, high intensity of initial growth, low height, resistance to lodging, high productivity and quality of green chop. The ARRIGC developed the varieties for fodder use (‘Listvenit’), for spirit and treacle (‘Debyut’ and ‘Zernogradsky Yantar’). Sorghum due to origin and varietal diversity even in dry and hot parts of the world allow obtaining stable, high yields of grain and green chop. This makes sorghum the leading grain-forage and food crop
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