07.00.00 Historical sciences
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Description
This article reviews the summary of the annual reports of the Horde branch of the Astrakhan chamber for state property and Management of the Kalmyk people, 1848-1892. The Author gave a detailed analysis of the serving duties of the Kalmyks who had the power de jure, on the basis of extensive factual material. It contains data on payment of taxes charged by the administration and established by the following legislative acts: by regulations on the management of the Kalmyk people dated 1834 and regulations for the management of the Kalmyk people dated April 23, 1847. The difference between these legislative acts was in determining the size of the duties. The administration was primarily interested in the total amount of salary collections and arrears for each type of individual duty and also as a whole across the steppe. Due to the specificity the analysis doesn’t show the whole picture of the duties which came under the control of the administration, not to mention those who were outside its competence. The reports represent accounts for the annual collection of arrears for each of the duties individually and also in the aggregate. The so-called statistics of the okladnoy and neokladnoy taxable estate is conditional in nature
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Description
Occupation of the Soviet territory by German fascist invaders during the Great Patriotic War caused considerable damage. The Soviet Government developed legal and regulatory framework for the methods of assessment of damage. The purpose of this article is to analyze the legal framework, by the example of a regulatory act according to which calculation of damage to the collective farms in the occupied territories during World War II was made. The NKVD instruction "On the procedure of collecting, recording and storage of documentary materials relating to the atrocities, destruction, looting and violence of the German authorities in the occupied Soviet areas" was adopted in May 1942. Based on the instruction, and under orders of the NKVD in Elista, events to identify and collect materials that characterize the crimes of Hitler's government were carried out. According to these instructions, materials reflecting Nazi atrocities were subjected to the mandatory deposit of the State Archives. The paper gives summary quantitative data on the results of assessment of damage caused during the occupation period in August 8, 1942 to January 20, 1943
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THE POLITICAL CRISIS IN THE KALMYK KHANATE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 18TH CENTURY
DescriptionThe article deals with a political crisis in the Kalmyk khanate and the departure of the part of the Volga Kalmyks from South Russia to the borders of the Jungar khanate at the beginning of the XVIII century. The dramatic events of 1701–1702 which were caused by a race for power in a khanʼs family or by an attempt of «palace revolution» are considered in chronological sequence. This conflict was used by the representatives of the Kalmyk ruling elite who were dissatisfied with the khan Ayukaʼs policy and interested in the change of the political power. But the support of the tsarist government given to the Kalmyk khan ruined the plans of the conspirators and some part of them embracing 15 thousand of nomad tents moved on to the territory of Jungaria. This event which cardinally influenced on the alignment of forces in the Oirat society considerably weakened the Kalmyk khanate and correspondingly increased the population size in the Jungar khanate
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STATE POWER VERTICAL IN KALMYK ASSR ACCORDING TO THE CONSTITUTION OF 1937
DescriptionIn order to describe the state of the power vertical in Kalmykia an analytical review of the Constitution of the RSFSR in 1937 and the Constitution of the Kalmyk ASSR in 1937 was made in this paper. The study reveals features of construction of the vertical of the supreme bodies of state power. The conclusion is that the system of construction of the vertical of higher authorities, establishes a sign of a unitary form of state-territorial structure
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Description
The article investigates the activities of public-political organizations of the Donetsk region, defended the idea of federalization of Ukraine and integration with Russia. A review was done for similar organizations operating in the region since the early 1990-ies to 2014. Based on the research activities of these organizations, the authors come to the conclusion about the regularity of the split of Ukraine in 2014, however, they believe that the separation of Donbass was not only due to the activities of separatist organizations, but first and foremost, because of the policy of the Ukrainian government
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Description
The article deals with the problem of assessing the quality of land settlements of Krestetsky uyezd in Novgorod province since the time of cadaster descriptions of Novgorod land to fieldworks of Russian soil scientists. The comparative aspect studies information of cadastres in the middle of the XVI century, Economic notes to the General landsurveying of the Russian Empire in the second half of the XVIII century and "Soil and Geological essay of Krestetsky uyezd" at the beginning of the XX century. Due to this research a database included information about the settlements having existed in the territory for centuries, with the description of land quality and fertility was compiled. The analysis revealed that according to field studies, mechanical and physical composition of soils in Krestetsky uyezd within the same soil type was very diverse. General land surveying described soil based on the predominance of muddy substances, sand or clay, but at the same time the characteristic of grain yields played an important role. In the XVI century the categories of good, medium and poor lands could have the lands with the same composition of the soil, and the probability of it was especially strengthened by the prevalence of certain soils in the region. However, at the micro level of individual settlements of graveyards certain regularities in land assessment shown in the objective signs that can be identified on the country are traced. The graveyards of Derevskaya pyatina included in Krestezkiy uyezd deals with such objective indicators as worsening assessment of the quality of land including the availability of various types of clay which are subsoils of many local soils
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ABOUT SOME CONTROVERSIAL ASPECTS OF CIVIL WAR AND INTERVENTION IN RUSSIA
DescriptionThe authors have devoted some of its controversial aspects, which have been going on for decades in the scientific community, namely, the time-frame of the Civil War, its causes and about the time of its beginning. In addition to these issues, the article is considered the relationship between the socialist parties and their participation in the civil war, the role of foreign intervention in the case of incitement to war and, finally, the reasons of the defeat of the White movement. The authors did not set out to elaborate on all four stages of the civil war, and focused on the examination of its first phase, covering the period from the end of May to November 1918. The main object of consideration the question arose about the beginning of the Civil War. The authors dwell on the various points of view expressed in this historical science, argues with those of them who, in their opinion, do not withstand scientific scrutiny. They speculate about details of alternative embodiments of the historical process, try to consider the option that could have been avoided civil war, if there was a coalition of socialist parties and come to the conclusion that such a coalition was impossible and it looks ephemeral. The authors dwell on the consideration of the role that is played in the raging civil fratricidal war, foreign intervention. They rightly point out that it is military intervention exacerbated and intensified civil war, has extended its time frame, the number of dead and wounded, even more glowing civil and class hatred
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THE TRANSGRESSION OF KAZAKHS OF BUKEY HORDE ON THE TERRITORY OF LOWER VOLGA FRONTIER
DescriptionThe article deals with the problem of transgression of Kazakhs of Bukey horde on the territory of Lower Volga frontier. Transgression of the frontier territory is a way to adapt to the new conditions of existence. The author pays attention to Bukey horde, where the new frontiry space is formed by the interaction of the various ethnic groups. Having come to the new land, and interacted with the Russian people and the Russian authorities, the Kazakhs turned out in the alien cultural landscape. Kazakhs` mentality is being changed against the background of the collapsing patriarchal way of life. Bukeyev inhabitants life was transformed by the alteration of social norms. The way of life of Bukey Horde was changed and they had to adapt to new realities. The author of the article gives examples of Kazakhs` transgression using archival date
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FEATURES OF MILITARY SERVICE IN WESTERN SIBERIA DURING 1865-1906
DescriptionIn spite of the fact that the name of the district during its existence was changed (Western-Siberian, Omsk, Siberian), the authors accepted the name “the Siberian military district” for the benefit of the material representation. Chronological frameworks of the article cover the period from 1865 (the date of the creation of the Western-Siberian military district) to 1906 when the Siberian military district has been divided up into Omsk and Irkutsk districts. The article considers some features of active service in military units and institutions of the Siberian military district during 1865-1906, in view of condition diversity in Western Siberia. They are the features of the regional climate, the features of the officer personnel formation in the district, the features of its class structure (which is a source of replacement of the organized units’ staff, district subunits and a mobilization resource in case of the war beginning) and some organization issues of the military’s everyday life in Western Siberia. The authors pay a special attention to the problems of character training, the organization of the service arm and the troop training in the Siberian military district. They also underline a low level of literacy among the district population and the staff of the district divisions and units. The main idea of the article is that the government has paid little attention to the military component of Western Siberia development from the earliest times up to now
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Description
The article attempted to characterize the contribution of the first Directors of the Chechen- Ingush state pedagogical/teaching Institute - F. E. Bykova and A. P. Efleeva in the formation of higher pedagogical school in Checheno-Ingushetia in 1938-1951