09.00.00 Philosophic sciences
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THE GENESIS OF THE "LEARNED IGNORANCE" DOCTRINE AND IT'S COGNITIVE VALUE
DescriptionA clarification and interpretation of the philosophical meaning of the "learned ignorance" doctrine, viewed from an aspect of a history of philosophy, involves a necessity to educe a genetic and essential relationship between the "learned ignorance" principle and the apophatic tradition of thought. The article describes the genesis of the "docta ignorantia" principle: it appeared in a context of theology as a method for attaining of the knowledge of God. It is this concept that often forces researchers to restrict the epistemic potential of the "learned ignorance" principle, leaving it in limits of negative theology and mystics. However after investigating the difference between the philosophical and the religious understanding of theology the authors of the article interpret the paradigm of the "learned ignorance" to be a fundamental philosophic principle of thought and cognition. Nowadays it is widely accepted, that the paradigm of the "learned ignorance" in it's classical form originates from the apophatic tradition. The article points out, that the representative examples of apophaticism, which could be found in the christian theology, on the one hand, were based on a solid philosophic tradition (predominantly platonic and neoplatonic), and on the other hand, did not complete a spread in a world philosophic thought of a definite (apophatic) tradition, which had an intimate connection with the paradigm of the "learned ignorance", postulating as it's main intention a seemingly paradoxical comprehension of the Absolute, supposed to be absolutely incomprehensible. The results of the scientific research in a field, thus defined, are presented briefly in this article
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PEDAGOGICAL AXIOLOGY IN THE EDUCATIONAL SPACE OF THE CHUVASH REPUBLIC
DescriptionThe article considers theoretical and methodological bases of pedagogical axiology in the educational environment of the Chuvash Republic. Three stages of its formation are briefly indicated. Current challenges in relation to universities are discussed from different points of view. Conceptions of philosophy of education as a theoretical and methodological framework of the cognitive algorithm for foundation and explanation of the essential features of the holistic person are clarified. Propositions of pedagogical axiology in the field of higher education are identified and defined. Characteristics of elite education are considered. It is stated that social and cultural potential formed in the University space of the region is the basis for predicting the social development taking into account appropriate understanding of the personality and his/her culture. It is shown that evaluation of the evolution of education is possible together with analysis of the discipline of philosophy in education. Examples of the practical implementation of pedagogical axiology elements in the educational space of the Chuvash Republic are given and systematized
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GENERAL AND SPECIAL IN MENTALITY OF CADETS
DescriptionThe article aims to reveal general and specific features in the mentality of students of different nations. The author comes to the conclusion that knowledge of mentality of students of different nationalities is a precondition for their successful learning in the multicultural environment of the military institution, the effective interaction with the faculty
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IDEOLOGY OF THE RUSSIAN STATEHOOD AND DOMESTIC PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITION
DescriptionThe ideology of the Russian statehood has essential value both in connection with globalization tendencies, and in connection with problems of development of the Russian civil identity. In the article we give an assessment of shortcomings of ideological process of the USSR in connection with the nihilistic attitude towards domestic spiritual tradition. The main lines of traditional Russian philosophy essential from the point of view of history of ideological consciousness in Russia are considered
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HOW PHILOSOPHY BECAME «A LITERATURE GENRE»
DescriptionIn the article we have observed the main theoretical and methodological issues of European philosophy streams in the second half of XX century, which refused the image of philosophy as exact science, based on logic conceptual tool. We have shown the connection of poststructuralist formations and structuralist scheme in creating «discourse typology», a new discipline which implies philosophy to be considered as one of literature genres. Structuralists’ search starts from the description of invariable, static structures that help to create separate pieces of fiction. The latter are observed as isolated situations in which these atomic structures are used. Such attitude, as revealed in the article, results in two deductions. The first considers literature having no specific features compared to other types of discourse, i.e. it does not exist as such. (Ts.Todorov) The second deduction implies that being aware of the logical creation of any meaning reader’s hermeneutics is seen as unnecessary. These deductions resulted in a new scientific discipline «discourse typology», developed by structuralists. This stream was continued by poststructuralists, i.e. strategy to «poetize philosophy» is justified by the expansion of the object for science cognition in the direction of not verifiable and not rationalized, requiring separate methods of study as well as description language. Consequently, philosophical discourse becomes that very descriptive language that helps to overcome «logocentrism» of traditional thinking. Further in the article we consider the main «logomachy» strategies developed by J.Derrida, i.e. «deconstruction», «structure decentration», «critics of transcendental significatum», «critics of structural properties of the construction»
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ISOMORPHISM OF SYSTEM STAGES OF EVOLUTION
DescriptionThe article discusses and explains the similarity of organizational, structural and functional «solutions» at different system stages of the evolutionary development presented in nature and society. It is shown that at any level of biological organisation transition to a new stages of evolutionary development is implemented not only via «classical» individual changes (adaptations) of the particular organisms, but also by means of: 1) integration of organisms into the new systems of «superorganisms», 2) the differentiation of their functions or the division of labor, and 3) the development of internal and external communication, integrated into the overall communication system, ranging from single cells to ecological and social communication. The article argues that the distinctive characteristic of the present stage of evolution is cumulative cultural evolution of complex social systems that support (scaffold) the development of their individuals, through learning processes. It is shown that such social systems still have structural and functional isomorphism with biological systems; however, their reproduction and transmission implemented predominantly through more developed in the human community non-genetic inheritance systems, the advanced division of labour and distributed cognition.
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IS FREEDOM BETTER THAN NONFREEDOM?
DescriptionThe problem of human freedom as an existential phenomenon. It analyzes the current reality, where the average person with a conformist attitude was unable to speculate about genuine freedom. It reveals the practical sense of philosophizing, as a necessary process of formation of the inner freedom of the individual
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Description
The article reveals the thought of hermeneuticity of philosophy by its nature and methods of exposition. Philosophy is not technical, but personal. The study of personal philosophy is impossible without studying the life journey of the philosopher, considering the constitution of his soul and mind. Philosophy always contains a hidden sense that needs to be deployed. It proves the necessity of transition in teaching philosophy to the position of hermeneutics. Insight of philosophy should be sought in education. Only in a condition of insight does man find the direction of his life, reach the fullness of his being. The skill of philosophizing is available only to those who can talk with questions. Sense is born in a "live" dialogue. Asking about the known for the purpose of discovering the unknown sides of the object is the difference between philosophical thinking. Philosophical problematic is diverse and contradictory, and therefore, the existential purpose of philosophy, in the opinion of the authors, is self-interrogation. And philosophical questions do not always require an answer. Philosophical questions do not disappear anywhere; questions are more important than answers. Questions serve as symbols of constant movement and changeability. Uniformity and sameness is not inherent in philosophy. Philosophy is personal, original and impulsive, does not allow invariant judgments. Philosophy should be studied only using a philosophical method
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PRINCIPLE OF BINARISM IN DEVELOPING PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTIONS AND SCIENTIFIC THEORIES
DescriptionThe aim of the article is to demonstrate binarism as a method of theoretical perception. First of all, the authors define the initial concept of binarism as a principle of differentiating binary oppositions which came from philology into other sciences. Then, they stipulate the application conditions of binarism as a methodological principle, namely, both members of the opposition are stipulated, however, reasoning should not contain such logical mistakes as ‘defining through negation’ and ‘range of evidence’. Subsequently, logic of description is connected with stipulation of the ‘life’ concept, first, philosophically, then, using propositions of some natural sciences, namely, biological and, further on, physical and astrophysical definitions. Every time the authors use binary principle in describing these propositions. So, every time it becomes evident that if death can be defined as absence of life, the concept of life requires another approach, based on positive statements, which is also hard to do as it leads the researchers to the limit ‘nothing’ – ‘everything’; ‘not being’ – ‘being’. The results of the article have double nature. As the aim of the investigation was to demonstrate application features of the definite methodological principle, representation of the material may be considered as the aim achievement. In addition, in the concluding part the authors draw a line, formulating theoretical propositions, which concern both natural science and philosophical argumentation
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ABOUT A QUESTION OF DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-, MACRO- AND MEGAWORLD IN THE POSTNONCLASSIC ONTOLOGY
DescriptionIn the article, we discuss a possible institutionalization of postnonclassic ontology. It is shown that the nonlinearity, deterministic chaos, fractality phenomena change classic views on possible forms of existence, cause of nature. The work discusses conceptual foundations of the particle physics. This theme is examined in connection with problem of logical and philosophical analysis of physical language and its usage in cognitive procedures. The article refines the modern model of three-component structure of the Universe on the basis of post-nonclassical consideration of the Universe. Features of synergetic as interdisciplinary scientific direction, the concept of a universal evolutionism, value of information in nature development are discussed. Methodological basis of the process of integration of scientific knowledge is the interdisciplinary direction of the research which important component is the synergetic. It plays an important role in the concept of coevolution realization which considers mutual relation of the person and the nature, the micro- and the megaworld. The article demonstrates that having revealed the laws of functioning of complexly evolutionizing, nonlinear systems, synergetic thus posed the fundamental questions of both epistemological and ideological and value nature. Conceptual shifts occurring in cognition open up the new sides in the interpretation of not just order and disorder but also the categories they generate