06.01.00 Agronomy
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INFLUENCE OF PREDECESSORS AND TECH-NOLOGIES OF PROCESSING ON DEVELOP-MENT OF WEEDS
DescriptionIssues related to the contamination of crops are topical and very relevant. All this fully applies to the main crop produced in the South of Russia – winter wheat. In this regard, the presented results of studies of the influence of predecessors and tillage technologies on the development of weeds in the cultivation of winter wheat are relevant. Experimental studies were carried out in conditions of many years of experience located in the FEDERAL state scientific institution «ANTS «Donskoy». The influence of different methods of sowing (ordinary, scattered, belt) and technologies of tillage (dumping, non-dumping, surface, small) on infestation of winter wheat is considered. It is established that the least amount of weed plants is provided at scattered sowing on the background of deep tillage. The main treatment at a depth of 18-20 cm reduces the number of weeds by 47% in comparison with the surface (8-10 cm), and the scattered sowing reduces their number by 80%, since weeds are in more severe conditions compared to winter wheat, the rapid development of which contributes to the optimal nutrition area. Of the predecessors, the most acceptable is the steam with the number of weeds 7-25 PCs / m2, which is several times less than after peas, or corn after silage
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INFLUENCE OF TILLAGE TECHNIQUES ON THE AGROPHYSICAL STATE
DescriptionThis article discusses some elements of the Brigade cultivating winter wheat varieties using different doses of fertilizers (N50P50K120 and N100P100K240) in four tillage options (plowing, chisel loosening, disc chopping and zero treatment). The experiment was conducted in a multifactorial stationary conditions. The considered agrotechnical techniques have led to a change in the density, hardness and structural composition of the soil. The most optimal values of these parameters have been obtained by using plowing and chiseling
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INFLUENCE OF A WAY OF PROCESSING OF THE SOIL ON EFFICIENCY OF SUNFLOWER
DescriptionThis article discusses the results of a study to determine the impact of different primary tillage to sunflower yield. The task of the research was to determine the impact of primary tillage in the agrophysical and agrochemical soil properties. It has been established that the content of productive moisture during the growing period in 0-100 cm soil layer does not depend on the method of processing. Surface treatment of the soil did not have negative effects on soil properties and its agrophysical structure in comparison with moldboard ploughing. . When dump processing improves the density of the soil, accumulates more moisture in the autumn winter period, reduces the weediness of sunflower perennial weeds. Productivity in contaminated areas increases by 3.3 - 5.4 c / ha. On weed-free crops, the yield increased by 2.5 - 3.5 c / ha, due to the improvement of the physical parameters of the soil
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THE EFFECT OF SOWING DATE ON YIELD OF WINTER BARLEY IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE NIZHNY NOVGOROD REGION
DescriptionThe article studies the influence of the different time sowing periods of Volzhsky First winter barley variety on the grain yield and the elements of its structure in the conditions of LLC “Vpered” of the Spassky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region on light gray forest soil. The research was being conducted from 2015 to 2018. The barley was sown in four periods: from August 20 to September 19 (with an interval of 10 days) with the clean fallow as its predecessor. We used the seeding rate of 2.5 million seedlings per hectare. The maximum grain yield of the winter barley was 3.94 t / ha. This corresponds to the sown date of August 20, the density of productive stalk of 226 pieces / m2 and an ear productivity of 1.800 g. Winter barley has a high tillering ability. The maximum value of the coefficient of productive bushiness – 4,80 and 3.25 was noted when sowing the barley on August 20
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Description
This article reviews the results of studies on the impact of the nutrition background and the use of the Bereke GN growth stimulator on the yield and quality of early ripe potato variety Marabell in southern Kyrgyzstan. Early potato yields were largely dependent on the use of the Bereke GN growth stimulant. The highest yield was identified with the integrated use of a growth stimulator provided the planned yield, and averaged 29.97 t/ha. Also, in the experiments conducted, the yield of early potatoes was largely dependent on the climatic conditions of the year under study. The structure of the crop of early potatoes has been analyzed. In case of complex application of growth stimulator, also in case of treatment of seed tubers with growth stimulant, thickness of early potato plants is increased and on average in three years there was an increase by 0.32 and 0.52 thousand bushes per 1 ha. The structure and marketability of the early potato harvest were analyzed in detail, depending on the background of nutrition and the method of application of the Bereke GN growth stimulator
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GIANT FRUITS OF PLANTS AS MODEL OBJECTS IN BREEDING RESEARCHES
DescriptionThe article considers phenomenon of the formation of giant fruits in higher plants. As regards the size of plants, several positions are distinguished such as giant fruit, in a common habit, i.e. the size of the whole plant; depending on the harvest. Examples of different types of gigantism in plants are given. It is shown that since the ancient times the phenomenon of gigantism has been widespread. Various reasons for the appearance of abnormally large plants and fruits are considered, growth genes regulating the process of cell division and formation are given. The study of the connections between plant organs that conduct and consume the assimilant, redistribute and use carbon is easy in the concept of donor-acceptor relationships. As a model object for studying the growth of giant fruits, we have examined varieties of pumpkin called Cucurbita maxima. Thus, in a short period, a paradigm shift occurred. From surprise and enthusiasm for the gigantism of plants, the issue of cellular growth regulation, the criteria for evaluating the reproduction process, the search for links with the size, number of cells and their properties is become. New model objects have appeared, the analysis of images of plant giants has shown a unique visual resource on various objects. New knowledge about the growth of plants and the ability to regulate the process formed the basis for selection programs for obtaining vegetables with specified fruit parameters, which makes them competitive in the market nowadays
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GIANT FRUIT – THE ICONOGRAPHY AND THE HISTORY OF THE ISSUE
DescriptionThe article considers the phenomenon of the formation of giant fruits in higher plants. As for the size of plants, several positions are distinguished such as giant fruit, a common habit, i.e. the size of the whole plant; or the harvest. Examples of different types of gigantism in plants are given. It is shown that since the ancient times the phenomenon of gigantism has been widespread. Various reasons for the appearance of abnormally large plants and fruits are considered, growth genes regulating the process of cell division and formation are given. The study of the connections between plant organs that conduct and consume the assimilant, redistribute and use carbon is easy in the concept of donor-acceptor relationships. As a model object for studying the growth of giant fruits, we have examined varieties of pumpkin called Cucurbita maxima. Thus, in a short period, a paradigm shift occurred. From surprise and enthusiasm for the gigantism of plants, the issue of cellular growth regulation, the criteria for evaluating the reproduction process, the search for links with the size, number of cells and their properties is become. New model objects have appeared, the analysis of images of plant giants has shown a unique visual resource on various objects. New knowledge about the growth of plants and the ability to regulate the process formed the basis for selection programs for obtaining vegetables with specified fruit parameters, which makes them competitive in the market today
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HYGROSCOPICITY OF MATURE GRAIN AS A MARKER OF WINTER BARLEY AND SUNFLOWER FROST RESISTANCE
DescriptionIn the review article we present a comparative analysis of frost resistance of varieties of winter barley and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) by the results of freezing in the refrigerating chambers and by the hygroscopicity of mature grain. On the example of a number of varieties of both cultures, it is shown that the higher the frost resistance of the variety, the smaller the volume of the supernatant can be obtained by extracting the press cake with a solution containing magnesium cations. It is assumed that increased hygroscopicity of winter barley and sunflower press cake is associated with a relatively high content of so - called "water-soluble starch" - β-glucan polysaccharides in its grain. The possibility of regulation of the degree of hygroscopicity under the influence of potassium (KNO3), zinc (ZnSO4) and gibberellic acid (GA3) was studied on a number of sunflower varieties. It was shown that treatment with a solution of potassium (a concentration of 50 ppm KNO3) of sunflower plants at the stage of 4 leaves leads to a significant increase in hygroscopicity of grain and hardiness of plants, little effect was given treatment with zinc (30 ppm ZnSO4) and a lesser effect was observed when treating plants gibberellovaja acid (20 ppm). Potassium treatment significantly intensified the biosynthesis of free Proline, phenolic compounds and soluble proteins. When processing zinc significantly increased the content of carbohydrates in sunflower plants. Hygroscopicity showed a significant correlation with the content of free Proline (R2=0.621), phenolic compounds (R2=0.907), total carbohydrates (R2=0.673) and soluble proteins (R2=0.708). It is assumed that the treatment of plants with potassium and zinc plays a key role in increasing the hygroscopicity of grain. The results of comparative studies of frost resistance on the degree of survival of plants during freezing in cold rooms and the degree of hygroscopicity of mature grain showed that these two methods of assessing frost resistance give very close data. At the same time, in terms of simplicity and low economic costs, the proposed method of assessing frost resistance is many times superior to the method of direct freezing of plants
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Description
The article considers the introduction of organoleptic analysis of seeds into the line of first seed growing as a new method of increasing the consumer qualities of confectionary sunflower varieties. The carried-out researches allow making conclusions that it is necessary to use the nurseries of seed assessment not only for preservation and improvement of economically valuable signs of confectionary varieties but as well as for perfection of consumer qualities of manufactured raw materials in the process of selection-seed growing work with confectionary sunflower. The offered technology of organoleptic analysis was approbated in the department of science in Ltd Company SSE “Genofond” and is successfully used in the selection-seed growing program
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Description
The article describes experimental material obtained in two long-term experiments of Kubsau on the impact of certain agricultural practices on the basic agrophysical and water indicators of leached black humus, heavy duty. The study was conducted in two agricultural landscapes of lowland rainfed and irrigated lowland-basin. The state of the agrophysical properties of the arable land in two districts of the region was given by Institute "Kuban Niigiprozems". We have established that during prolonged agricultural use, the biggest change of the parameters of the agrophysical properties occurred in the arable layer 0-20 cm. Particularly noticeable compaction was observed on meadow-black soils of lowland-basin agricultural landscapes. The condition of soil structure and the density of the composition influence of level of soil fertility and the system of primary tillage. With the increase in the level of fertility, the coefficient of structure increases. The density of the composition of the studied cultures are much more dependent on tillage to the end of vegetation, especially high is 1,31-1,36 g/cm, it was given by direct sowing. The most destructive effect on soil structure was made by a surface treatment system. Organic fertilizers encourage soil compaction. Manure has a positive impact on the stock of productive moisture in two-meter layer on the background of deep processing