06.01.05 Selection and seed production of agricultural plants (agricultural sciences)
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TO THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF N. I. VAVILOV’S RULE ON HOMOLOGICAL SERIES IN HEREDITARY VARIABILITY
06.01.05 Selection and seed production of agricultural plants (agricultural sciences)
Description100 years ago, on June 4, 1920, 32-year-old Professor of the Saratov University Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov (1887-1943) first reported at the III all-Russian selection Congress at the University of Saratov on his discovery of homological series in the study of parallelisms in the phenomena of hereditary variability by analogy with homological series of organic compounds. This discovery in genetics received the rank of law, the only one after the laws of G. Mendel. This major study was a further development of the genetic idea of C. Darwin on the origin of species. It showed the ways in which close species and genera of plants have a parallel formative process, because the crucial in the process of evolutionary development of living organisms – first of all, their genetic features. In cases where the development of a trait requires the joint and consistent action of many genes, the occurrence of homological series is inevitable, and this does not contradict the random variability of C. Darwin. In addition to its great genetic significance as a law of evolution, the law of homological series in hereditary variability is of great importance for botanists, plant breeders and breeders: it not only determines the place of each form in the plant world, but can also indicate to the breeder possible directions in his practical work. According to a number of geneticists and breeders, if G. Mendel discovered the rules of heredity, then N. I. Vavilov discovered the rules of variability
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ON THE HYBRIDIZATION OF RICE VARIETIES AND WEED-FIELD RED GRAIN FORMS
06.01.05 Selection and seed production of agricultural plants (agricultural sciences)
DescriptionLarge areas under commercial rice in many countries of the world including Russia are infested with weed-field red grain forms of rice. In the nineties of the XX century new red grain forms of rice appeared in the rice commercial fields of the Krasnodar region; these plants differed little from the morphotype of the variety in morphological characteristics. Such plants were difficult to distinguish and remove during varietal weeding. The increased content of red rice grains among the elite seeds leads to the rejection of such crops, thus reducing the economic efficiency of the seed production. Researchers do not have a single opinion on the origin of the new forms of the red grain rice. Various assumptions are made on mutations, unlocking of epigene of the pericarp coloration of the caryopsis to return to the ancestral red grain forms, and cross-pollination between cultivated and red grain rice. In 2014-2018 a methodological experiment on artificial hybridization between the white grain variety and rice varieties with colored pericarp of the grains (Mars and Yuzhnaya Noch) was carried out to discover the origin of these new forms of the red grain rice. The article presents an analysis of hybrids of direct and reverse crosses between the white grain variety Snezhinka, having an amylose long grain, and the black grain variety Yuzhnaya Noch with a glutinous short grain. As a result of artificial hybridization, a new initial material was received with a different type of grain in shape, color and consistency of the endosperm. This material is of significant interest for further breeding and genetic research. When evaluating hybrid plants obtained by direct crossing Snezhinka / Yuzhnaya Noch and reverse crossing Yuzhnaya Noch / Snezhinka, a significant influence of the maternal cytoplasm on the formation of quality signs of endosperm has been revealed. This must be considered when planning such studies. An analysis of the economically valuable traits of the received hybrid material brings a conclusion that the new red grain forms in the commercial rice varieties may appear as a result of spontaneous hybridization between red grain and white grain rice
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06.01.05 Selection and seed production of agricultural plants (agricultural sciences)
DescriptionThe article discusses the method of selection using markers in the selection of parent pairs for hybridization, in the selection process and in the subsequent evaluation of parent lines, used in linear and backcross selection of tomatoes. The work was performed on tomato hybrids that combine resistance genes to tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) or tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in their genome. The research used seeds of foreign F1 tomato hybrids recommended by the manufacturer as resistant to the tobacco mosaic virus. Most of the tomato hybrids were Dutch selection, such leading firms as De Ruiter Seeds, Enza Zaden, Rijk Zwaan. The aim of the work was to test a system of hybridization probes designed to identify a gene for resistance to the tobacco mosaic virus. The study of the genotype of tomato plants was carried out in the laboratory of molecular diagnostics of plants , equipped with modern devices for PCR analysis on the basis of NIIOZG (Krymsk). Plant material was collected in different phases of plant vegetation. pre-numbered 1.5 ml test tubes (SSI-1200-00), plastic tablets, tweezers, and distilled water were used to collect plant samples. The collected samples were stored in a refrigerator until the plant DNA was isolated. During the study, collectible tomato samples were studied, including 8 F1 hybrids and 2 lines used as controls. According to the results of genetic analysis using the marker of the TMV resistance gene, it was found that all hybrids and one control line # 175/14 have a resistance gene in their genotype, and the analysis also showed the state of the gene – homozygous or heterozygous. The results of artificial infection confirmed the results obtained by PCR analysis. At the same time, using genetic research, it is possible to determine the exact state of the gene in the plant, which cannot be determined by methods of artificial infection, since no visual differences were found between plants with a heterozygous and homozygous state of the gene. The created marker and PCR analysis method can be recommended for wide application in the selection process of tomato culture. As a result of research, it was found that modern tomato hybrids have a gene for resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in their genotype. This was determined by genetic analysis and confirmed by a test using artificial infection
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EVALUATION OF THE SOURCE MATERIAL TO CREATE HETEROTIC HYBRIDS OF TOMATO FOR PLASTIC FOIL HOUSES
06.01.05 Selection and seed production of agricultural plants (agricultural sciences)
DescriptionThe creation of breeding material with desired properties is a principal problem, the successful solution of which is now possible with the introduction of genetic engineering technology. We have carried out an evaluation of the source material on its basis to identify samples suitable for creating heterotic hybrids with a set of economically valuable traits, including resistance to the tomato leaf curl virus (TYLCV)
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SPIKE PRODUCTIVITY IMPLEMENTATION IN COLLECTION SAMPLES OF WINTER SOFT WHEAT
06.01.05 Selection and seed production of agricultural plants (agricultural sciences)
DescriptionThe work is devoted to studying the productivity of an ear of winter soft wheat samples from the collection of the All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources named after N.I. Vavilov (VIR). The study attempted to conduct a pre-selection study of collection material on the elements of spike productivity. The concept of pre-selection research is based on the study of initial collection material according to given characteristics in order to identify the best genotypes for further use in breeding practice. In the analysis of the collection material, the following characteristics were used as indicators of spike productivity: length of the main spike (cm), number of spikelets in the main spike (pcs), number of grains in the main spike (pcs), grain weight from the main spike (g), 1000-kernel weight (g). Plant height was one of the basic indicators of the studied material, because a number of samples differed in alleles of short-stem genes. According to the results of two years of research, according to the indicator «1000-kernel weight», the varietal sample Cologna lunga razza 188 (Italy) was identified as 71,20 g. According to the indicator «number of grains in an ear», the varietal sample Fenotipo 1 (Italy) was 57,3 g. Also according to the totality of indicators, the varietal sample Kaloyan (Bulgaria) with an average of two years of research with a 1000-kernel weight – 51,77 g, the number of grains in an ear – 51,6 pcs. and a mass of grains per ear – 2,71 g.
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06.01.05 Selection and seed production of agricultural plants (agricultural sciences)
DescriptionThe review article describes the role of tomato gene mutations in the creation of new cultivars and hybrids suitable for mechanized harvesting. The work gives characteristic of different genes associated with morphological characteristics of tomato plants, types of fruit (flower) brush and peduncle. The genes controlling the shape and size of the fruit, its resistance to cracking and mechanical effects are noted, the value of these genes for the breeding of machine cultivars and hybrids is shown. The article emphasizes the need to create new cultivars and hybrids of tomato suitable for mechanized harvesting with high quality fruits, evenly colored, without green spots at the base, corresponding to the basic requirements of the processing industry. The figures illustrate gene mutants that are of the greatest interest for the breeding of cultivars, suitable for mechanized harvesting
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SOWING AND CROP PROPERTIES OF SOFT WINTER WHEAT SEEDS DEPENDING ON THE REPRODUCTION ZONE
06.01.05 Selection and seed production of agricultural plants (agricultural sciences)
DescriptionThe article presents the results of studying the influence of the reproduction zone on the sowing and yield quality of seeds of wheat varieties of soft winter selection of the NPC named after P. P. Lukyanenko. From the sowing qualities regulated by the state standard of the Russian Federation, the following indicators were studied in the experiment: viability ( % ) and weight of 1000 seeds (g). The P-1 seeds obtained in the NPC were sown in different agro-climatic zones of the region in the optimal time with the same seeding rate of 250 seeds/m2. The obtained seed material was supplied for the study of sowing qualities and yielding properties of learning in the nursery ground control. The yield quality of seeds significantly differed depending on the area of their production in the previous year. According to the results of four years of research, the seeds of varieties obtained in the Northern zone of the region had higher sowing qualities compared to seeds from other agro-climatic zones. The average seed viability for four years in the Tanya variety was 97.6%, in the Yuka variety-97.7% and in the Grom variety-98.0%. The largest mass of 1000 seeds was also observed in the studied varieties from the Northern zone of the region. Consequently, a more complete realization of the potential of the three studied varieties was also observed in the Northern zone of the region
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06.01.05 Selection and seed production of agricultural plants (agricultural sciences)
DescriptionThe article presents the results of the study of pollen grains in different types and varieties of wheat and triticale selection by "National Grain Centre named after P.P. Lukyanenko". The varieties of winter soft wheat in the experiment were ranked by the length of the growing season, the height of plants and the level of frost resistance. In the analysis of the source material, the following characteristics were used as indicators: the shape, color, and size of pollen grains. In the course of research, no differences in shape and color were found, they differed only in size. According to the results of two years of study, it was found that the pollen of winter and spring triticale is much larger than that of various types of wheat. In ultra-ripe varieties, pollen grains are smaller (66.2 microns) than in varieties of other maturity groups. Semi-dwarf varieties (with two Rht dwarfism genes) form the largest pollen (70.1 microns).Winter wheat varieties with high frost resistance produce the smallest pollen grains
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PROMISING HYBRID FORMS OF ANEMONE CORONARIA
06.01.05 Selection and seed production of agricultural plants (agricultural sciences)
DescriptionThe article provides the results of hybrid forms studies and their control cultivars for several years of research. The phenological phases of Anemone coronaria experimental plants were studied during the autumn planting of tubers (October - November), biometric measurements were carried out. On average, seedlings in the control cultivars appeared after 5.6 weeks, and in hybrids – after 4.8 weeks. This period in the researched hybrid forms was shorter on 12% than in the control cultivars. The phase “from seedling emergence to flowering” was longer in the following hybrid forms: A-10-1 (for 7 days), M-3-97 (for 5 days), than in the control cultivars. The earliest flowering was observed in the M-4-98 hybrid form (March, 23), and at the latest - in the M-3-97 hybrid form (April, 4). The flower diameter in the A-10-1 hybrid form is 31.1% larger, than its control cultivar, in the G-13-133 hybrid form - 27.1% more, in the hybrid form M-3-97 - 13.6% more, and the hybrid M-4-98 - 18.8% more. The flowering time of hybrid forms is 63 days (9 weeks), and their control cultivars - 51 days (7.3 weeks). The vegetation period of the investigate plants was not exceed 174 days. Vegetation of the hybrid forms A-10-1, M-3-97, and M-4-98 lasted 32, 23, and 14 days longer than in their control cultivars
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06.01.05 Selection and seed production of agricultural plants (agricultural sciences)
DescriptionThe purpose of the work was to test the winter wheat varieties artificially infected with North-Caucasus brown rust to identify its harmfulness. There was carried out a two-stage testing on two sets (8 and 10) of varieties that differed in their resistance to the pathogen. As a result, there has been identified high brown rust harmfulness in susceptible varieties, which led to a yield decrease from 16.3 to 32.2%. Among the maximum infected varieties, there has been identified the most tolerant variety ‘Tarasovskaya 29’ which, when damaged to 100%, had a minimum yield decrease (less than 10.6%). The poorly susceptible to brown rust varieties reduced their yields from 11.2% to 20.7%. Among them, the variety ‘Spartak’ showed lower rates of a yield decline. Among the five varieties that showed an average brown rust affection, there have been noted various indicators of a yield decrease. The variety ‘Donskaya Yubileynaya’ showed a minimum decrease of a yield and its structural elements under the conditions of artificial infection with brown rust; and together with the variety ‘Tarasovskaya 29’ can be classed to the varieties tolerant to brown rust. When predicting brown rust epiphytoty the susceptible and medium-resistant wheat varieties require obligatory protection with fungicides