05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
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05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
DescriptionIn modern combine building over the past few years, there has been a trend towards increasing the productivity of machines and, as a consequence, their physical weight. However, as the weight of the combine harvester increases, the necessary condition for its movement in the field in the course of work is to meet the requirements for its support area. As a result, manufacturers have to increase the size and number of wheels of the machine. One solution to this problem is to replace the wheelset of agricultural machines with replaceable rubber track modules. In this case, the very principle of calculation of the main technical characteristics of the engine changes, and if we are talking about the drive axles of agricultural machinery, the calculation methods can be roughly approximated to the calculation of tracked machines with metal tracks. However, in the case of driven axles, there is an intersection in the calculation methods between the classic calculation of the wheel chassis and the calculation of the tracked chassis. The problem is that the tracked chassis are not usually guided like the wheels, so the calculation methods need to be refined by introducing new evaluation criteria because of new power factors in the track module. The article proposes an alternative calculation model to calculate the maximum resistance torque of a track module on a rubber track
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THEORETICAL BACKGROUND TO THE SUBSTANTIATION OF LOADING A POTATO STORAGE CONTAINER
05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
DescriptionToday, the main goal of the State Program is to ensure food independence of Russia within the framework of the Food Security Doctrine, which includes accelerated import substitution, namely the creation of new technologies in the field of potato storage, which in turn will reduce the supply of agricultural products from abroad. But, despite the existing success, the problem of potato losses during transportation and storage still remains in the Russian Federation, comprising from 30% to 40% of the grown crop, in many cases, by the end of storage, losses reach 60%. This article describes a container for transporting and storing potatoes in storage. The disassembled container is transported to the place of loading of the product, where it is mounted and loaded with potatoes. When loading containers for storing potatoes in order to reduce damage, various types of shock absorbers are used. One of the simplest absorbers is the rubberized fabric belts, which are deflected between the opposite edges of the container. The location of the belts, their width and the distance between them will determine the passage of potato tubers when they are loaded. Successful implementation of the presented design will help reduce mechanical damage to tubers and increase the safety of agricultural products
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05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
DescriptionThe aim of the study is to determine the parameters of the Archimedes spiral to construct the geometry of the disc of the shredder of long-stemmed feeds. The article describes the sequence of constructing the curved portion of the geometry of the disc of the shredder of long-stemmed feeds, based on Archimedes spiral. Criteria for building the disk on the second and subsequent turns of the spiral of Archimedes and obtained the dependence of disk diameter from the size of its protrusions. The conditions of Archimedes spiral construction depending on the number of disk protrusions are determined
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APPLICATION OF ACOUSTIC-MAGNETIC DEVICES IN HEAT SUPPLY SYSTEMS OF GREENHOUSE COMPLEXES
05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
DescriptionThe article discusses scale formation problems of greenhouse complexes with geothermal heat sources. Two-circuit geothermal heat supply systems with intermediate heat exchangers are used to prevent equipment and communications scale. Fresh softened water is heated by geothermal heat and is supplied to consumer needs. The heat exchanger and primary circuit communications contacting with the geothermal heat carrier (geothermal water) are subjected to scale formation in the existing system. A scale formation of heat exchange surfaces reduces the efficiency of the heat exchanger and requires a periodic cleaning and causes a chain of economic losses in the production, transportation and consumption of heat. Currently, we use physical, chemical, biological and combined methods of scale formation prevention. The article also considers hypothesis about the effect of an acoustic-magnetic field on solutions. It was found experimentally, that the acoustic-magnetic field affects to characteristics and dimensions of salt crystals. The number of particles increases and solid phase dimensions decrease. A large number of microcrystals suspended in water are formed as a result of the nonchemical acoustic-magnetic treatment of geothermal water. These crystals do not stick to the pipe surface and do not settle to the bottom, may be filtered out and carry out by water flow from the system
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THE STUDY OF PLANT PARTS EXTRACTING BY THE WORKING BODIES OF THE KKS-1M POTATO HARVESTER
05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
DescriptionPotatoes are cultivated in all parts of the world. In 2019, the Russian Federation ranked third in potato production. Ryazan region has favorable climatic conditions for potato growing. The growth in potato production is constrained by the insufficient provision of small and medium-sized farms with harvesting equipment and storage facilities. For working in small areas and in difficult conditions, simple machines are in demand: potato diggers and single-row potato harvesters. “Gala” variety potatoes are grown using intensive technology in the experimental field of the agrotechnological station of Ryazan State Agrotechnological University. In September 2019, there was a study of the effect of plant parts on the performance indicators of the technological process with a single-row KKS-1M potato harvester with a combined plant-top-removing device. The device consists of top-directing fingers, a top-removing roller and a counter-current finger-type separator. The studies are based on standard and private test methods. The harvester was tested on dark gray forest soils of heavy loamy composition, with a moisture content of 19-21%. Plots were prepared for testing: one with uncleaned tops, one with tops previously removed by BD-4 haulm shredder and one with manually removed tops. In the course of research, a change in the direction of potato stems during the movement of the heap along the working bodies of the potato harvester was determined. It was found that the stems change their direction from transverse to longitudinal. It was established that a combined PLANT-TOP-REMOVING device removes from 75.8% to 88.2% of plant impurities entering the harvester. Studies confirmed the efficiency of KKS-1M combine when harvesting potatoes. According to the generalized results, the loss of tubers was 1.5-4.7%, their damage was 1.7-4.39% and the purity of the tubers in the bunker was 70.3-84.7%. Studies confirmed that the harvesting technology significantly affects the performance of a potato harvester. In severe conditions, pre-harvesting row-spacing loosening can be recommended and the haulm shredder is set to a cutting height of at least 150-180 mm
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RESULTS OF RESEARCHES OF THE POSSIBILITY OF VIBRATION GRAIN SEPARATION FROM THE EAR
05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
DescriptionEnhancing the operative parts of a threshing mechanism which are realizing direct mechanical impact on an ear and being in it grains it is impossible to achieve the considerable lowering and to completely exclude traumatizing grain. New methods of noncontact grain separation from an ear in case of the threshing need to be developed. These methods exclude direct mechanical impact of operative parts on grains. A perspective method of noncontact grain separation from an ear is the imposition to a culm with an ear of oscillating motion, perpendicular its axes. It is a resonance in different parts of an ear can cause. As a result of the pilot and theoretical studies it is set that when impart low frequency oscillations in the range 18…100 Hz corresponding to natural frequencies of its oscillations to a culm with an ear, it is possible to achieve corrupting of the ear or its separation from the culm as a result of a resonance. But grain separation, at the same time, does not come from an ear as the range of natural resonance frequencies of grain oscillations does not match the range of natural frequencies of a culm with an ear and has higher values. The analysis of results of theoretical researches shows that for noncontact grain separation from an ear without its traumatizing is the imposition to it high-frequency oscillations in the range 100 … 14000 Hz matching its natural frequencies of oscillations, which is proved to be perspective. The occurring resonance causes origin of own movements of grain that leads to its separation from the ear
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THE SOIL-CULTIVATING UNIVERSAL UNIT APU-1
05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
DescriptionEnsuring the food security of the country in the conditions of growing consumption of crop products and excluding dependence on foreign producers poses a serious question for science to increase the volume of production while maintaining soil fertility. One of the important tasks in solving this problem is to create a moisture-saving and moisture-accumulating soil layers. This article focuses on the cultivation of winter wheat. In addition to providing moisture in the cultivated layer, crop losses are observed as a result of the defeat of plants by Fusarium. Also, to ensure the co-storage of the fruit layer, it is necessary to reduce the use of chemical means of protection, less intensive impact on the treated surface by the running systems of power facilities and working bodies of machines, but with compliance with the primary requirements for the treated surface. To complete the tasks, we have developed a universal plow with a turning beam. Chisel working bodies are installed on the front of the beam. The formation turnover is performed by the disk working bodies installed further. The main element is a skating rink. The article presents the scheme of sets of plow on different types of work, as a universal combined machine and to perform individual types of work
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05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
DescriptionThe quality of milk, as well as other livestock products, is regulated by the uniform requirements for this type of product on the basis of existing regulatory acts-standards. The article sets out and analyzes the regulatory and legislative documents in accordance with the standards that determine the quality requirements of milk in the dairy industry of our country. Additionally, the article presents the evolution of the development of regulatory documents on milk quality in the Russian Federation. We have also highlighted main regulatory documents that are presented for milk quality for different economic zones, namely, for: the Russian Federation, the European Economic Union, the Customs Union, and the number of basic indicators of milk quality varies - 3, 5 and 2 indicators, respectively. The information presented sets the requirements for the quality of raw milk in the USA, EU, RF, CU, EEC. Standards help implement organizational, technological, economic and other measures aimed at improving product quality
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STUDYING A DISK SOWING DEVICE AND JUSTIFICATION OF ITS PARAMETERS
05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
DescriptionIn recent years, in the conditions of the Tambov region, thanks to the widespread introduction of innovative technologies, the yield of root crops of this culture has significantly increased. The scheme of sowing is the basis of technology of cultivation of any crops depend on the productivity and quality of products, material and monetary and energy costs, density of sowing, supply area and design features used cars. According to academician V. I. Edelstein, the optimal sowing scheme is able to provide an increase in crop yields up to 40%. It was noted that the most optimal scheme of sowing is a tape, with the use of which it is possible to achieve a reasonable compromise between the possibility of rational thickening of plants in order to increase yields and improve the working conditions of agricultural machines. The relevance of the research lies in the modernization of the sowing apparatus of the beet seeder SST-12B, under the belt scheme of sowing with a staggered arrangement of plants in two adjacent lines of the tape and the study of its design parameters. The analysis shows that with an increase in the angle of installation of the scraper over 60 degrees, there is an increase in the percentage of occupancy of the disk cells with seeds in all studied hybrids. Studies have found that the hybrid RMS-120 at the angle of installation of the scraper 70 degrees is 100 percent filling cells with seeds, while hybrids XM-1820 and Troika cells filled only 93.3%. This is due to the fact that the seeds of the domestic hybrid were more aligned in diameter compared to the seeds of foreign firms. It should also be noted that the hybrid RMS-120 with a scraper angle of 70 degrees was marked by the lowest damage dragees-0.67%, while hybrids XM-1820 and Troika values of this indicator were 0.83 and 0.73%, respectively. By increasing the angle of installation of the scraper over 80 degrees, the percentage of damaged seeds increased from 0.4 to 0.66%
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05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
DescriptionAn effective factor in increasing the yield of grain crops has long been considered to provide the sown seeds with the necessary nutrition area when sowing. ideally, the plant's nutrition area should be in the form of a circle with an area of 10 ...25 cm2 without overlapping with the neighboring ones. This distribution of feeding areas means an ideal spread of crops without borders and row spacing. However, in the grain production, the standard crop with a row spacing of 15 cm was spread out, where the seed distribution is artificially limited to a narrow strip where the grain feeding areas overlap. According to experts, this placement of seeds, which has developed historically, is not justified by either the experience of agricultural production or agricultural science. The availability of seeds with the necessary feeding area for row sowing is small – about 15%. At the present time, agricultural science is showing increasing interest in the technologies of ideal spread seeding. But the ideal is not yet obtained due to the lack of appropriate coulters. In these conditions, the band seeding method that closely implements the ideal multiple seeding comes to the fore. We propose a number of designs for single-disc and single-disc coulters for strip sowing, which form a fairly wide furrow up to 100 mm