05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
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05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
Description
An effective factor in increasing the yield of grain crops has long been considered to provide the sown seeds with the necessary nutrition area when sowing. ideally, the plant's nutrition area should be in the form of a circle with an area of 10 ...25 cm2 without overlapping with the neighboring ones. This distribution of feeding areas means an ideal spread of crops without borders and row spacing. However, in the grain production, the standard crop with a row spacing of 15 cm was spread out, where the seed distribution is artificially limited to a narrow strip where the grain feeding areas overlap. According to experts, this placement of seeds, which has developed historically, is not justified by either the experience of agricultural production or agricultural science. The availability of seeds with the necessary feeding area for row sowing is small – about 15%. At the present time, agricultural science is showing increasing interest in the technologies of ideal spread seeding. But the ideal is not yet obtained due to the lack of appropriate coulters. In these conditions, the band seeding method that closely implements the ideal multiple seeding comes to the fore. We propose a number of designs for single-disc and single-disc coulters for strip sowing, which form a fairly wide furrow up to 100 mm
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05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
Description
The article presents the results of studying the influence of some types of packaging materials used in conjunction with Inter Fresh’s ethylene absorber (sachets) on commercial quality and losses of Alexandria zucchini, Lyubov sweet pepper and tomatoes cv. Inkas during storage. The study was carried out using StePac Xtend bags, creating a modified atmosphere. The objects of research were stored for 14 days at a temperature of 8 – 10 °С and air relative humidity of 90±3 %. One sachet for ethylene absorption was placed in Xtend bags. It was found that when stored under these conditions, the total weight loss is: for tomatoes – 0.3% when using Xtend bags and Inter Fresh ethylene absorbers, 1.8% when using traditional packaging materials; for zucchini – 0.4% when using Xtend bags and Inter Fresh ethylene absorbers, 1.6% when using traditional packaging materials. Losses associated with microbiological damage during storage of zucchini and tomatoes were not observed. During storage of sweet pepper microbiological spoilage took place, which, apparently, was the result of increased contamination with pathogenic microorganisms
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APPLICATION OF ACOUSTIC-MAGNETIC DEVICES IN HEAT SUPPLY SYSTEMS OF GREENHOUSE COMPLEXES
05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
Description
The article discusses scale formation problems of greenhouse complexes with geothermal heat sources. Two-circuit geothermal heat supply systems with intermediate heat exchangers are used to prevent equipment and communications scale. Fresh softened water is heated by geothermal heat and is supplied to consumer needs. The heat exchanger and primary circuit communications contacting with the geothermal heat carrier (geothermal water) are subjected to scale formation in the existing system. A scale formation of heat exchange surfaces reduces the efficiency of the heat exchanger and requires a periodic cleaning and causes a chain of economic losses in the production, transportation and consumption of heat. Currently, we use physical, chemical, biological and combined methods of scale formation prevention. The article also considers hypothesis about the effect of an acoustic-magnetic field on solutions. It was found experimentally, that the acoustic-magnetic field affects to characteristics and dimensions of salt crystals. The number of particles increases and solid phase dimensions decrease. A large number of microcrystals suspended in water are formed as a result of the nonchemical acoustic-magnetic treatment of geothermal water. These crystals do not stick to the pipe surface and do not settle to the bottom, may be filtered out and carry out by water flow from the system
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THEORETICAL STUDIES OF SEED MOVEMENT IN THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OF A PNEUMATIC GRAIN DRILL
05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
Description
Pneumatic grain seeders with a central dosing system have high productivity due to the presence of a large centralized hopper, as well as a large width of capture. However, they cannot always ensure an even distribution of seeds between coulters. The article performs an analysis of designs of sowing machines. The influence of the angle of rotation of the air mixture in the tap on the drop in seed speed is studied. We also obtained the equation of seed velocity at turns of pneumatic lines of pneumatic seeders. Branches were analytically studied, the outer walls of which were described by various equations in a rectangular coordinate system. Optimal are bends, the contour of the outer wall of which is outlined by the curves of the power function. Analysis of such curves indicates that the optimal curve that provides the smallest meeting angles is a cubic parabola. Based on the considered analytical materials, we found that when developing a pneumatic scheme for transporting seeds of grain crops to the distributor, it is necessary to avoid using taps with horizontal to vertical and from vertical to horizontal
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PERSPECTIVE SYSTEM FOR MECHANIZATION OF FIELD CROPS CULTIVATION
05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
Description
In the article we performed an analysis and generalization of the accumulated results of scientific research and best practices in the problem of creating and using machines and technologies in field cultivation of the Krasnodar region; their shortcomings are revealed, as well as ways and means of increasing the efficiency of field crop production through innovative technology machines. Attention is paid to eliminating the violation of agrotechnical, environmental requirements, complexity and quality work performed by serial equipment; unreasonably dependent nomenclature of technical means and high labor costs and means compared with foreign technologies, proposals have been developed for a system of machines for mechanizing field cultivation, which includes the I450 mobile power tool, Belarus tractor 1523 and 890, the fertilizer sprayer TUNAN-1, E5-1, KZR combines -12 and CF-10, a fundamentally new loop of cars for mobile power is based on multifunctional units, assembled from serial single-operation machines according to the inventions of KubSAU, and machine technologies based on the use of multifunctional units strictly comply with the farming system and the fulfillment of the above requirements. The transition of agricultural enterprises to new technologies for the production of field products is justified, including a “non-spring” for cereals, legumes and oilseeds, a new system of tractors and trailed combines that are not inferior to self-propelled, but much cheaper. The new mechanization system provides a breakthrough in the efficient production of crop production in accordance with the estimated technical and economic indicators
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05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
Description
The article considers a kinematic analysis of the leaves distribution mechanism in the device for placing the tobacco leaves into container using analytic method. These researches allow defining optimal geometric parameters of this device theoretically
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EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING EQUIPMENT FOR TOBACCO GREEN LEAF PROCESSING
05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
Description
Efficiency of tobacco green leaf processing can be increased by utilizing innovative equipment and technology improving. As a part of research and postgraduate work technology and equipment for tobacco green leaf processing were elaborated. Elaborated equipment consists of set of devices for preparing tobacco leaves for drying, drying and packaging of dry tobacco. Basic element of the equipment is double-sided needle, designed for threading the tobacco leaves and their further curing directly on the needle. The set of devices is patented and has passed experimental testing. This equipment is implemented in scientific and economic activity of the institute. Testing the equipment for large quantities of tobacco has proved the efficiency of new technology for preparing and curing the tobacco leaves and confirmed the validity of technical solutions and characteristics of manufactured equipment. It is determined that 50 devices for double-sided needle arrangement are sufficient per 1 ha of tobacco field. Leaf mass per one double-sided needle can reach 3 – 4.5 kg, depending on weather conditions. Carried experiments have proved the necessity of cutting the upper part of the petioles when placing long stemmed tobacco sorts and periodic distribution of leaves on the needle during the curing. Performing these operations led to obtaining the cured tobacco of high quality. Results of the semi-industrial experiments have proved the efficiency of elaborated technology. Utilizing of innovative equipment is recommended for industrial production of dried tobacco
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JUSTIFICATION OF THE RIGIDITY OF COMPOSITE BARS OF A POTATO HARVESTER ELEVATOR
05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
Description
High-strength steels are used to increase the reliability of potato harvesters. With the advent of new materials and new technologies in agricultural engineering, it is possible to significantly reduce the mass of working bodies, to reduce energy costs. The elastic system of the composite elevator bar, unbalanced by the impact of the component of the potato heap, is in oscillatory motion. An increase in the height of the fall, and hence the speed of collision with the bar of the component of the potato heap, determines the amount of deflection of the composite bar. During vibrations, in addition to static deformations, dynamic ones are added, depending on the magnitude of the impact force. It was established that a bar made of composite material should have the following parameters: elastic modulus E = 55000 MPa; the diameter of the composite bar d = 0,012 m
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THE STUDY OF PLANT PARTS EXTRACTING BY THE WORKING BODIES OF THE KKS-1M POTATO HARVESTER
05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
Description
Potatoes are cultivated in all parts of the world. In 2019, the Russian Federation ranked third in potato production. Ryazan region has favorable climatic conditions for potato growing. The growth in potato production is constrained by the insufficient provision of small and medium-sized farms with harvesting equipment and storage facilities. For working in small areas and in difficult conditions, simple machines are in demand: potato diggers and single-row potato harvesters. “Gala” variety potatoes are grown using intensive technology in the experimental field of the agrotechnological station of Ryazan State Agrotechnological University. In September 2019, there was a study of the effect of plant parts on the performance indicators of the technological process with a single-row KKS-1M potato harvester with a combined plant-top-removing device. The device consists of top-directing fingers, a top-removing roller and a counter-current finger-type separator. The studies are based on standard and private test methods. The harvester was tested on dark gray forest soils of heavy loamy composition, with a moisture content of 19-21%. Plots were prepared for testing: one with uncleaned tops, one with tops previously removed by BD-4 haulm shredder and one with manually removed tops. In the course of research, a change in the direction of potato stems during the movement of the heap along the working bodies of the potato harvester was determined. It was found that the stems change their direction from transverse to longitudinal. It was established that a combined PLANT-TOP-REMOVING device removes from 75.8% to 88.2% of plant impurities entering the harvester. Studies confirmed the efficiency of KKS-1M combine when harvesting potatoes. According to the generalized results, the loss of tubers was 1.5-4.7%, their damage was 1.7-4.39% and the purity of the tubers in the bunker was 70.3-84.7%. Studies confirmed that the harvesting technology significantly affects the performance of a potato harvester. In severe conditions, pre-harvesting row-spacing loosening can be recommended and the haulm shredder is set to a cutting height of at least 150-180 mm
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TECHNOLOGICAL AND DESIGN PARAMETERS OF A PNEUMATIC SEEDER WITH A CENTRAL DOSING SYSTEM
05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
Description
The article describes reasons for uneven distribution of seeds by pneumatic grain drills. For the theoretical justification of the operation modes of the pneumatic seeder, we have calculated the coefficients of the weight concentration of seeds in the air stream for different seeding rates and movement speeds. We have also calculated feed rate of seeds and planting performance of the machine for working width of 8.4 m. We have derived an equation of constancy of consumption of seeds, and the equation determining total pressure loss in the pneumatic conduit, emerging from the sum of the losses in the receiver, losses on the dispersal of the material after the receiver, and losses on the stopped movement of pneumatic mixtures
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