25.00.00 Sciences about Earth
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APPLICATION OF CLIMATIC INDICES FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN TOURIST ATTRACTIVENESS
DescriptionIn the article we consider the results of the study of climatic attractiveness of the South of Russia from the point of view of tourism development. Formal definition of attractiveness was reached by using a wide spread concept of climatic indices. Any climatic index is calculated by a set of medical and biological characteristics. The latter are defined on the basis of human physiology. Indices, which are used for evaluation of attractiveness of one or another region from the point of view of recreation and tourism, have certain peculiarities. Very often they are calculated using poorly formalized and arguable indications like psychological feeling of meteorological characteristics and even aesthetic perception. Taking into account above mentioned experience we have suggested a new approach for evaluation of climatic tourist indices basing on initial (standard 3 hour discretion) meteorological observations with maximum possible exclusion from a calculation scheme all subjective parameters. Our approach is based on a well-known method of Mieczkowski [4]. The method was developed more than 30 ears ago and is still widely applied. Our method allows objectively evaluate nonsmoothed index values because it takes into account combinations of meteorological characteristics with maximum available discretion during the day. A method demonstrated its capability for evaluation of regional variations in tourist attractiveness. We analyzed 40–year dynamics of attractiveness in the region being in the focus of the study
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Description
One of the main problems at engineering-geological researches is the choice of the most suitable territory for construction of designed projects and constructions. The most dangerous threat to the economy and the security of the Krasnodar region are geohazards. The article provides an expert evaluation of engineering-geological conditions of the territory, the map-scheme of evaluation of engineeringgeological zoning of the region. The characteristic is given to the engineering-geological taxons allocated on degree of usefulness of conditions
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Description
Increasing of tea production in the foothills of Adygea should be based on potential soil properties suitable for tea plant. The goal was achieved using modern methods of soil evaluation of tea plantations. The evaluation criteria were the following agrochemical and agro indicators: soil acidity (pH KCl); hydrolytic acidity; the sum of exchangeable bases; bases saturation; granulometric composition. It was found that the soil under tea plantation in Adygeya classifies as brown forest poorly unsaturated with the level of potential fertility rated as satisfactory (bonitet rating 40-60). However, the low supply of nutrients in the layer 0-40 cm: phosphorus (19,04 ± 2,42 mg / 100 g soil), potassium (17,70 ± 1,60 mg / 100 g soil) and a sufficiently high degree of saturation of soil bases in the layer of 50- 100 cm (67,10 ± 11,67%) in combination with a soil moisture deficit determine their low productivity of 16,0 ± 5,0 kg / ha, whereas their potential productivity of 30-50 t / ha. The development of scientifically grounded, targeted ameliorative and agro-technical measures (irrigation, nutrition systems using physiologically acidic forms of nitrogen and potash fertilizers that reduce the degree of saturation of the soil bases) will help to increase the effective soil fertility and allow the tea plants reach its biological potential and achieve predicted productivity in Adygea region
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HYPOTHESIS OF THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE, SOLAR SYSTEM AND EARTH
DescriptionIt is assumed that in the primordial state of the Universe was missing the elements of matter, it was submitted to electromagnetic photon field in a broad frequency band. Photons with energy ε=1,02 born MeV electrons and positrons, and photons with energy ε=1,87 born МeV protons and antiprotons. The Association of protons, electrons and essential spectrum of photons created a sustainable hydrogen atoms and neutrons. Association of hydrogen atoms led to the creation of hydrogen clusters, and merging neutron – neutron creation of clusters (pulsars). As a result, the concentration of photons in the Universe decreased and the universe were compressed. The gravitational interactions between the hydrogen and neutron clusters was coming off of a mass of matter from both. The torn mass of hydrogen clusters were created on the planet. Separation of the mass from neutron clusters led to the neutron exposure of the main hydrogen clusters and loose parts from him (future planets). The latter, being closer to the main hydrogen accumulation, under the influence of neutron flux were redesigned to all elements of the periodic table. The article describes nuclear reactions convert one chemical element to another. After irradiation of the primary hydrogen clusters of neutrons and the emergence of the heavy and superheavy hydrogen, started fusion reactions with the release of photon energy and the transition of hydrogen clusters in Stellar condition. They began to glow. The selection of the photon energy of the Stars led to the increase in the concentration of photons in the Universe, the increase of the pressure and the expansion of the Universe, which is what happens at the present stage of its development. Combining antiprotons, electrons (positrons) with the required spectrum of photons created sustainable antihydrogen and antineutrons, and their clusters – clumps of antimatter in the Universe
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THE COORDINATES OF THE POINTS BACKWARDS THE ANGULAR NOTCH
DescriptionEven with the modern development of geodetic techniques to abandon traditional ways a condensation of planned networks is not possible. Therefore, the article describes the case of determination of coordinates of points using backwards the angular notch and the accuracy of their determination. In the classical methods of solving the backwards the angular notch are calculated coefficients, and get the coordinates of the designated point. The authors propose to use auxiliary angles that will reduce the amount of calculation. In addition, the article gives examples of solutions to well-known formulas of Gauss and through the calculation of direct geodetic purpose
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HOW TO ESTIMATE THE ACCURACY OF DETERMINING THE COORDINATES IN THE APPROACH OF HANSEN
DescriptionRecently, there have been satellite-based methods widely used to determine the coordinates of points, which allow, without mutual visibility between points, to pursue their coordinates. However, in some cases, for example in forests, in urban buildings the application of these methods becomes a problem and it is easier to apply traditional methods. The article describes the case of using the method of calculation of coordinates for "the approach of Hansen" and held to evaluate the accuracy of determining the coordinates of the points. Some studies provide only recommendation guidelines that the most accurate results are obtained when the shape of the building is shaped similar to a square. In our case, on the basis of obtained formulae we had an analysis of the influence of the length of the corresponding base, and its distance from the source side on the accuracy of determination of coordinates of the original points. The conclusion is that the accuracy of determination of coordinates of required points depends on the ratio of the length of the original basis and the baseline. The optimal can be considered the distance equal to 0.3-0.6 of the length of the baseline. The holding data in the study can successfully be used for the drafting of geodetic reference polygonometries moves and thickening of networks
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TO THE QUESTION OF SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF TWO GEODETIC REFERENCE POINTS USING TWO SOURCES
DescriptionThe article examines an important matter of topical problems of the thickening of planned justification from the starting points, for which we have known or predetermined locations using satellite-surveying instruments. The authors present a method of solving the problem of two geodetic reference points using two sources (the approach of the Hansen) by determining the true adjoining corners and converting the problem to the solution of direct angular notches. We have also given a numerical example of the solution and the estimated accuracy of the obtained coordinates of the points P and Q using found valid adjoining corners and edge lengths of the resulting triangles
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THE ISSUES OF EQUALIZATION OF GEODETIC CHAIN OF QUADRANGLES
DescriptionThe article examines the development of a planned study on the clearings and roads in built-up and forested areas, as well as for building networks. Most often, it is recommended to use the method without diagonal quadrangles, where in each figure measured all four corners and the length of one of the parties, and in the first and last rectangles – four corners and two sides. The length of the other sides is obtained by computing, previously having leveraged the angles in the quadrilaterals. The disadvantage of this method is the adjustment of such circuits in a simplified manner, namely: the distribution of residuals arising in the augmentation of coordinates fx and fy equally to all augmentation. The article proposes formulas of Gauss for direct angular notches to make the conditional equation of directional angles, deciding which method of least squares, find the amendments to the measured directional angles. Introducing these amendments, I get the coordinates of the desired points of successive angular intersection. As it may be seen from preliminary calculations, the errors resulting from the use of differential corrections in the coordinates are very small and may not have a significant influence on the measurement result
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MAKING OF CARTOGRAPHIC MODELS FOR CLIMATIC BACKGROUND OF MAYMA RIVER BASIN
DescriptionThe article is devoted to the study of the spatial distribution of air temperature, precipitation and their ratio in the form of moisturizing factor of the Mayma river basin. Calculations of the vertical and horizontal gradients are hold. Cartographic models of the distribution basic climatic indices are also constructed
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CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA: TENDENCIES AND POSSIBILITIES FOR PREDICTION
DescriptionWhat we have analyzed in the article is the spatial structure of the surface air temperature and precipitation amount fields in the Black Sea Region. Spatial correlation method is applied to reveal teleconnections between surface air temperature and precipitation measured at the meteorological stations of the region from one hand and globally averaged surface air temperature and atmospheric circulation indecies from the other hand. Atmospheric circulation indecies – North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Oscillation «North Sea – Northern Caspian Sea» (NCP) – determine to a great extent regional temperature and precipitation regime. The goal of the current research is to establish probable causes and mechanisms influencing regional climatic variations and examining of possible connections of the latter with the global climate change. It is demonstrated that relations between air temperature and precipitation at particular stations in the region and global temperature are weak and ambigous. At the same time, temperature and precipitation regimes are affected by changes of phases of NAO and NCP. It means that global warming has no direct effect on the regional climate. More probably, global warming influences the regional climate through the changes in the atmospheric circulation pattern in the particular region