All-Russian Research Institute of crops
Author list of organization
List of articles written by the authors of the organization
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06.01.05 Selection and seed production of agricultural plants (agricultural sciences)
DescriptionThe purpose of the work was to test the winter wheat varieties artificially infected with North-Caucasus brown rust to identify its harmfulness. There was carried out a two-stage testing on two sets (8 and 10) of varieties that differed in their resistance to the pathogen. As a result, there has been identified high brown rust harmfulness in susceptible varieties, which led to a yield decrease from 16.3 to 32.2%. Among the maximum infected varieties, there has been identified the most tolerant variety ‘Tarasovskaya 29’ which, when damaged to 100%, had a minimum yield decrease (less than 10.6%). The poorly susceptible to brown rust varieties reduced their yields from 11.2% to 20.7%. Among them, the variety ‘Spartak’ showed lower rates of a yield decline. Among the five varieties that showed an average brown rust affection, there have been noted various indicators of a yield decrease. The variety ‘Donskaya Yubileynaya’ showed a minimum decrease of a yield and its structural elements under the conditions of artificial infection with brown rust; and together with the variety ‘Tarasovskaya 29’ can be classed to the varieties tolerant to brown rust. When predicting brown rust epiphytoty the susceptible and medium-resistant wheat varieties require obligatory protection with fungicides
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MODERN ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SORGHUM FORAGE
06.00.00 Agricultural sciences
DescriptionSorghum is a source of concentrated, succulent and coarse forage. Its grain is used for making the mixed fodder and as the concentrated forage for swine, cows, sheep, horses and poultry. Sweet sorghum is successfully used for silage and haylage. Green chop of Sudan grass is used as fresh food for domestic animals and it’s used for making hay and silage. The nutritional value of the fodder is the way to meet the animal needs in nutrients, necessary for living. To determine the nutritional value of the fodder, oat fodder units and energy fodder units or exchange energy are used. At present the assessment of nutritional value according to fodder units is being revised, because it doesn’t give the true picture of the value of fodder nutrition and animal needs in nutrients. The general energetic nutritional value of fodder is considered as contents of all organic substances, supplied with fodder or with its energy. The nutritional value of fodder is valued according to the characteristics of its chemical composition, digestion of nutrients and general (energetic) nutritional value. The purpose of the work is to assess the nutritional value of fodder, obtained from the best sorghum varieties, as the food for different kinds of agricultural animals. Sorghum, used as fodder for poultry possesses the largest nutritional value. Among the grain sorghum varieties, the variety ‘Zernogradskoe 88’ has got the biggest value of fodder units. The green chop of Sudan grass and green fodder for silage of sweet sorghum possess the greatest nutritional value for swine. The varieties of Sudan grass ‘Krasava’ and ‘Arkadiya’ and the variety of sweet sorghum ‘Listvenit’ are the best varieties according to the contents of fodder units
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CORRELATION AMONG QUANTITATIVE TRAITS OF SORGHUM GRAIN
06.00.00 Agricultural sciences
DescriptionAt present, the farmers have to develop varieties and hybrids, which fully meet the requirements of agricultural production. The study of correlation among economic-valuable characteristics of grain sorghum is of great importance nowadays, as it allows optimizing plant-breeding work at its early stages. For a more productive process of developing of the initial material in breeding, it is necessary to determine the correlation among the traits to identify the strongest connections, and to conduct further work, based on the obtained data. Knowing the correlation, the estimation of timeconsuming economic trait can be replaced by the assessment of the simpler trait correlated with it. The article presents the analysis of correlation among various traits of grain sorghum. The degree and direction of the correlation have been estimated. The significant effect of the length of vegetation period on many traits has been seen. There have been also mentioned the characteristics, having an influence on a size and a number of kernels per panicle. There is a positive correlation between a size of panicle and dimensions of a leaf (length, width). Along with it there has been found a positive correlation among linier dimensions of a panicle, length and width of a leaf, a number of leaves with a number of kernels per panicle. While studying the correlation between an extension of a panicle with other traits, there has been noted a negative correlation between a length of vegetation period, length and width of a leaf, but there has been found a positive correlation with plant height. There has been found a positive effect of 1000-kernel weight, a number of kernels per panicle, a number of leaves and their dimensions on the formation of kernel weight per panicle
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06.00.00 Agricultural sciences
DescriptionThe study was carried out during 2010-2015 years in the All-Russian research Institute of Grain Crops named after I.G. Kalinenko (the laboratory of the cultivation technology of plowing crops), situated in the southern soil-climatic zone of the Rostov region, which is characterized with the unstable and insufficient humidity. The trials were conducted on the heavy loamy, calcareous chernozem obyknovenny (natural blacksoil). The object of the study was the grain sorghum variety ‘Zernogradskoe 53’, approved to use in the Rostov region. The agroclimatic conditions during the years significantly differed during the vegetation in the amount of precipitations (from 110.2 mm in 2010 to 200.2 mm in 2013) and in the temperature regime (from 2512.9 0С in 2010 to 2788.8 ºС in 2015), that allowed evaluating the grain sorghum productivity more objectively. The article gives the study results of the effect of the weather conditions on the duration of vegetation, productivity and grain quality (content of protein, oil, ash and fiber). The article showed the estimated interconnection among the sum of active temperatures, precipitations and hydrothermal coefficient during the sorghum vegetation with the principal economic-valuable traits of grain sorghum. The sum of active temperatures showed the greatest effect on the duration of the vegetation (r=0.89); the sum of precipitations during the vegetation had the greatest effect on the productivity (r=0.80). There was determined the strongest positive correlation of the sum of active temperatures with the content of protein in the grain sorghum kernels (r=0.80) and the average negative correlation with the content of oil (r=-0.69). The sums of active temperatures and precipitations, when the grain sorghum gives the largest productivity, were established
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COLLECTION SAMPLES OF SOFT WINTER WHEAT TOLERANT TO LEAF RUST AND POWDERY MILDEW
06.00.00 Agricultural sciences
DescriptionDiseases cause great damage to agriculture, reducing yields and decreasing its quality. The losses are up to 20-30% of potential crop yields. Different types of rust and powdery mildew cause significant damage to wheat. Thereby, the growing of varieties tolerant to these diseases is of great importance at present. It allows solving such problems as the improvement of stability of grain production (especially in the epiphytotic time), improvement of its quality and reduction of prime cost of the product. Cultivation of resistant varieties gives the opportunity to avoid a use of crop protection chemicals and thus, to improve environment. The researches were carried out in the laboratory of intensive soft winter wheat breeding and seed-growing of FSBSI ARRIGC after I.G. Kalinenko in 2013-2015. The crop was sown in a bare fallow. 275 samples of soft winter wheat from the world collection VIR, Turkey (CIMMYT), new varieties of domestic and foreign breeding, varieties and constant selection lines of own selection were the subjects of the study. Favorable for disease development weather conditions allowed evaluating collection samples according to the degree of infection with leaf rust and powdery mildew under natural conditions. According to a complex resistance to leaf rust and powdery mildew we have distinguished the following samples: ‘Nakhodka’, ‘1226/98’, ‘662/99’, ‘1366/08’, ‘Patriarkh’ (Russia); ‘Shestopalivka’(Ukraine); ‘Simonida’ (Serbia); ‘MV 15-04’ (Hungary); ‘Rialto’ (England); ‘Menestrel’ (France); ‘№42 CIMMYT’ (US). Thus, our conducted study resulted in distinguishing the samples of soft winter wheat which are resistant to leaf rust and powdery mildew and are recommended to use as a source of resistance and tolerance to these pathogens. The samples with a combined resistance to both pathogens are of particular interest
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06.00.00 Agricultural sciences
DescriptionBased on the analysis of the nature of some flowering test crosses which have been resulted in the hybridization with purposely chosen sterile sources (analyzers), the new self - pollinated lines of maize have been identified according to the content of fertility-restorer genes of ‘C’ type of CMS. Genotype of the line RD 257 - rf4rf4rf5rf5Ff6Rf6 (class II), genotype of the line RD 245 - rf4 rf4 Rf5 Rf5 rf6 rf6 (class III), genotype of the line RD 274 - rf4rf4Rf5Rf5Rf6Rf6 (class V), genotype of the line RD 231 - Rf4Rf4rf5rf5Rf6Rf6 (class VI ) genotype of the line RD 261 - Rf4Rf4Rf5Rf5Rf6Rf6 (class VII). The identification of the content of the alleles of fertility - restorer genes allows forecasting the nature of flowering hybrid progeny resulted in the hybridization with a known genotype. We have created a catalog of self - pollinated lines of maize according to the fertilityrestorer genes, which consists of 18 lines, which have been studied in all the years of research. We have identified the lines belonging to classes I, II, III, V, VI, VII and VIII. During the transfer of maize hybrids on a sterile basis the lines of classes I and VIII are those ones which have been of great interest. The self - pollinated lines KV 204, SP 286 (class I) are the reliable fixers of «C» type of CMS. The progeny resulted in the hybridization with any sterile lines is characterized by complete sterility. The new self - pollinated lines KV 498, KV 272, KV 227, SP 357, RD 261 (class VIII) are constant natural fertility-restorers. They are able to fully restore fertility in hybridization with any sterile lines and in any growing conditions
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CREATION OF INITIAL MATERIAL FOR BREEDING OF WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES TOLERANT TO SMUT
06.00.00 Agricultural sciences
DescriptionThe key task of the agriculture in Russia is the further improvement of grain production. Thus, prevention of losses of winter wheat yields because of the diseases remains relevant. The significance of varieties tolerant to diseases, especially to smut (fungus) is of primary importance. Therefore, it’s essential to create initial material for breeding of the varieties tolerant to smut. According to the results of the trials with artificial infection with pathogens, among the samples of winter wheat there have been identified varieties belonging to different groups of tolerance to smut. They are a highly sensitive cultivar ‘к-69361’ (Korea), a sensitive variety ‘Izyuminka’ (Russia), moderately sensitive variety ‘Asket’ (Russia) and almost tolerant variety ‘1621/03’ (Russia). We studied the reaction of the hybrids F2 on infection with smut in different variants of hybridization to obtain stable progeny. The correlation between the number of infected plants in parent and hybrid (F2) populations have been considered. The productive tillering of the plants has been determined in all variants of the trials; it was the least one on the plants with 100% of infected leaves. The hybrids F3 and F 4 have been distributed according to the degree of their tolerance to smut. For further work we have selected the lines with practical resistance to smut (fungus)
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ORIGIN OF SORGHUM AND DEVELOPMENT OF ITS BREEDING
06.00.00 Agricultural sciences
DescriptionSorghum is cultivated in many countries of the world on around 50 ml hectares. The main producers of sorghum are India, Nigeria, Sudan and the USA. Sorghum comes from equatorial Africa. India and China are the secondary places of origin and formation. The USA achieved great success in breeding, seedgrowing and agro technologies of grain sorghum. In the country sorghum occupies 14.4% of the world amount of sowing areas; the gross yield is 40%. Sorghum breeding on Don was started by E.S. Yakushevsky in 1938. In 1963 after a long break the work was restarted at the Zernograd Breeding Station headed by Ya.I. Issakov. At present the amount of sowing areas for sorghum is constantly increasing in RF (220.3 thousand ha in 2015). It occurs due to aridity of climate and more frequent use of the crop as insurance. Besides, the development of white kernel varieties gave an opportunity to use sorghum for starch and spirit. There are 221 varieties and hybrids of sorghum registered in the State List. The main directions of breeding work with grain sorghum are early maturity, suitability for mechanical harvesting, productivity and grain quality. The ARRIGC developed the white kernel early maturing varieties ‘Velikan’, ‘Zernogradskoe 88’, ‘Ataman’ without necessity to be dried after harvesting, with productivity of 8 t/ha. The main directions of breeding work with sweet sorghum are early maturity, high intensity of initial growth, low height, resistance to lodging, high productivity and quality of green chop. The ARRIGC developed the varieties for fodder use (‘Listvenit’), for spirit and treacle (‘Debyut’ and ‘Zernogradsky Yantar’). Sorghum due to origin and varietal diversity even in dry and hot parts of the world allow obtaining stable, high yields of grain and green chop. This makes sorghum the leading grain-forage and food crop
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AGRI-ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF CULTIVATION OF NEW VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS OF SWEET SORGHUM
06.00.00 Agricultural sciences
DescriptionThe organization of animal feeding in the summer and procurement of fodder for the winter are of great importance. The sowings of sugar sorghum can become a reliable and stable source of fodder even in the regions with insufficient humidity. It is a unique drought tolerant crop, which can be used as green mass, hay, silage, grain, mono fodder, briquettes. The article gives the study results of green mass and absolutely dry substance, and the assessment of cultivation efficiency of such sugar sorghum varieties and hybrids grown in FSBSI ‘I.G. Kalinenko ARRIGC’ as ‘Zernogradsky yantar’, ‘Debyut’, ‘Listvenit’, ‘Zersil F1’, ‘Elisey F1’. The productivity of green mass and dry substance of the new variety ‘Listvenit’ and the hybrid ‘Elisey’ exceeded the standard variety on 7,0-5,0 t/ha and 2,30-0,74 t/ha respectively. The cultivation technologies of sweet sorghum varieties and hybrids produced the high net energy of 69,6-121,9 GJ/ha with the coefficient of energy efficiency of 3,72- 5,08. As for the energy, the cultivation technology of the sweet sorghum hybrid ‘Elisey’ can be considered as the most efficient variant, as it produced the maximum net energy of 121,9 GJ/ha with the coefficient of energy efficiency of 5,08
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06.00.00 Agricultural sciences
DescriptionThe article substantiates a necessity to apply the method of interspecific hybridization in durum winter wheat breeding, using the present soft winter varieties for improvement of frost and drought tolerance at the beginning of germination; resistance to snow mold, fusariosis and bacteriosis of ears and grain. The article presents the results of a comparative study of different types of crossbreeding at interspecific and intraspecific hybridization due to germination, emergence, productivity. It has been shown that intraspecific hybrids ‘T. durum оз. х T. durum оз.’, interspecific hybrids ‘T. durum оз. х Т. аestivum оз’ and ‘Т. аestivum оз. х T. durum оз.’ possessed the highest germination and emergence with 71,8/75,3% for direct and 60,4/82,5% for backward, 42,8 and 35,5% and 55,4 and 64,1% respectively. In backward (triplecross) cross-breeding of F1 interspecific hybrids with durum winter wheat the grain germination was down to 37,4 and 36,6%, but the emergence was up to 64,1 and 69,7% and reached the level of intraspecific hybrids. According to the elements of ear (head) productivity (grain mass per head, number of seeds per head), interspecific double-cross hybrids of the first and the second generation significantly conceded to intraspecific hybrids, but they matched them in a number of spikelets and grain size. The triple-cross hybrids exceed the double interspecific hybrids in this respect, but they concede to double-cross and triple-cross intraspecific hybrids. We studied the principle of splitting of interspecific hybrids of the second generation ‘T. durum оз. х Т. аestivum оз.’ and ‘T. durum оз. х T. durum оз.’ (direct and backward) and the triple-cross hybrids obtained from cross-breeding of interspecific and intraspecific double-cross hybrids F1 with durum winter wheat