07.00.00 Historical sciences
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Description
The phenomenon of the special relationship in BritishAmerican politics of the second part of the XX century also received intensive development in the early XXI century. In fact, according to conditions of modern processes of globalization, cooperation between the United States and Great Britain, as within framework of NATO and in other international organizations, became increasingly close. Both States played a significant role in the international policy, working on various issues of economy, politics, environment, culture, etc. Attention is drawn to the forms of cooperation between the studied States in the implementation of military initiatives in the Balkans (1998) and Iraq (2003). These events allowed characterizing the first and final stages of the development of relations between the United States and Britain in the form of «special» in the period of late XX – early XXI centuries. In the beginning of XXI century the cooperation between the U.S. and the UK in reforming NATO, taking into account national foreign policy strategy of the USA, was an example of favorable development of bilateral “special relationship”. For London, the following external course of the US has remained a higher priority than for Washington
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ISLAMIC LAW IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
DescriptionThe article is devoted to the problem of formation and development of Islamic law in the Ottoman Empire. In the beginning of the article, the author considers the ratio between Sharia and customary law in the legal system of the Ottoman Empire and reveals that the basis of customary law is the right of the Turks. Furthermore, the author highlights the main legal institutions of the state, and analyzes legal acts that appeared during the reign of the sultans Muhammad al-Fatih, Selim I, Suleiman I, Ahmad I and Abd alHamid. Then the author analyzes the features of Islamic law of the Ottoman Empire, identifies features of the contractual relationship, matrimonial and criminal law. Compares the rights of Muslims and non-Muslims, and reveals that the latter were divided into two categories: zimmi and musta’man, identifying legal privileges of each of them. At the end of the article, the author makes a conclusion about the continuity of the various legal acts of the Ottoman Empire, the crown of which is al-Majalla, some of the provisions, which has not lost its relevance in our time
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DEVELOPMENT OF TURKISH JOURNALISM IN THE ERA OF THE TANZIMAT
DescriptionFor some of the Eastern countries - Turkey, Iran, China and Japan - XIX century passed under the sign of reform. Studying these countries today is important and relevant. Such an experience could be a tool for analyzing the reform aspirations of modern mankind, which is especially valuable for those situations which are determined by the trend of rapid economic and technological progress. Hence, there is a certain increase in interest of turkologists in recent years to study reforms in Turkey deeply, especially the period of the so-called "beneficent reforms" ( "Tanzimat-i hayriye"), which lasted for more than thirty years - from 1839 to 1876
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FEATURES OF MILITARY SERVICE IN WESTERN SIBERIA DURING 1865-1906
DescriptionIn spite of the fact that the name of the district during its existence was changed (Western-Siberian, Omsk, Siberian), the authors accepted the name “the Siberian military district” for the benefit of the material representation. Chronological frameworks of the article cover the period from 1865 (the date of the creation of the Western-Siberian military district) to 1906 when the Siberian military district has been divided up into Omsk and Irkutsk districts. The article considers some features of active service in military units and institutions of the Siberian military district during 1865-1906, in view of condition diversity in Western Siberia. They are the features of the regional climate, the features of the officer personnel formation in the district, the features of its class structure (which is a source of replacement of the organized units’ staff, district subunits and a mobilization resource in case of the war beginning) and some organization issues of the military’s everyday life in Western Siberia. The authors pay a special attention to the problems of character training, the organization of the service arm and the troop training in the Siberian military district. They also underline a low level of literacy among the district population and the staff of the district divisions and units. The main idea of the article is that the government has paid little attention to the military component of Western Siberia development from the earliest times up to now
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THE POLITICAL CRISIS IN THE KALMYK KHANATE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 18TH CENTURY
DescriptionThe article deals with a political crisis in the Kalmyk khanate and the departure of the part of the Volga Kalmyks from South Russia to the borders of the Jungar khanate at the beginning of the XVIII century. The dramatic events of 1701–1702 which were caused by a race for power in a khanʼs family or by an attempt of «palace revolution» are considered in chronological sequence. This conflict was used by the representatives of the Kalmyk ruling elite who were dissatisfied with the khan Ayukaʼs policy and interested in the change of the political power. But the support of the tsarist government given to the Kalmyk khan ruined the plans of the conspirators and some part of them embracing 15 thousand of nomad tents moved on to the territory of Jungaria. This event which cardinally influenced on the alignment of forces in the Oirat society considerably weakened the Kalmyk khanate and correspondingly increased the population size in the Jungar khanate
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Description
The article is devoted to the activities of the regional branch of all-Russian voluntary society for protection of monuments of history and culture (VOOLIK) in the territory of Adygheya. The studied problem has not been the subject of special study. The main source was archival dataб which were not included into scientific circulation. First, these are the minutes of the regional conferences of VOOPIK and the meetings of its regional branch. The article discusses the processes of creation and functioning of the society; we have determined the range of issues included in their competence and the most active members of the society, revealed the conditions for the establishment of primary organizations and the requirements for entering into society. The analysis of the reports of the regional conferences of VOOPIK and the meetings of the regional branch was allowed to identify specific activities conducted by the regional branch of VOOPIK, for the creation and preservation of the historical heritage of the Republic of Adygea
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SOURCES AND METHODS OF THEIR PROCESSING IN THE WORKS OF KHANGIREY
DescriptionThe article is devoted to source base of Khan-Girey works. Two types of the sources used by Khan-Girey are allocated: historical and historiographic. In its turn, historical sources are conditionally subdivided in written, material and sources of the oral origin. The relation of Khan-Girey to the problem of reliability of sources, the responsibility of authors on the provided data are considered. It is concluded, that in the works of Khan-Girey oral sources are predominant, all others, including historiographical, act as subsidaries. It is emphasized, that in this period there were only oral sources, came from the Adyghe environment, all the others were the evidences of other cultures. The relation of Khan-Girey to folklore as to a historical source is revealed. We have identified other types of oral sources, such as personal knowledge and KhanGirey memories, and eyewitness evidences. The analysis of the working methods of Khan-Girey with historiographical sources is carried out. At the end of the article, the conclusion is made that the source base of Khan-Girey works, for objective reasons, is limited, although the use of most sources, found by him, were confirmed in historiography
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AGITATION AND MASS FORMS OF ART IN THE 20-IES OF THE XX CENTURY IN RUSSIA
DescriptionThe article deals with the forms of agitation and mass art, the creation of which was authorized by the Bolsheviks in the 20ies of the XX century for effective advocacy activities. It is noted, that agitation and mass art is one of the most important and effective means of policies and has played a huge role in the establishment of Soviet power. Propaganda direction was manifested in the both of drawing and painting and was aimed at the formation of a new proletarian thinking in a socialist society. It is stated, that the content of works of art is determined, above all, by the military-political situation that prevailed in the 20-ies. It is shown, that in the works of art displayed figures of the new revolutionary themes, events and characters, but also significant presence of the image of the new man - working men and women, sailors, soldiers, peasants was traced. Festive decoration of cities and towns, from the capital to the smallest provincial towns was filled with agitation and propaganda content. The conclusion is that artistic and political design of squares, streets, public buildings should help to create a festive mood, increase employment, ideological and socio-political activity of the workers. In general, new forms of agitation and propaganda were created through art, by turning the novelty of content, depth of the emotional impact, thematic literacy and specificity for the necessary psychological mood of society during the study period
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ETHNIC BUSINESS REGULATION FORMS: UDNP/ GEF PROJECTS AS AN INFORMATION SOURCE
DescriptionEthnic minorities’ traditional forms of economy and business are the object of a research. The common law norms in the sphere of traditional environmental management has included in researches subject domain. The list of the representative and verified sources of ethnological examinations and regional ethnological monitoring definition was the purpose of the conducted research. Assessment of information importance of the working documentation and printed materials, which had formed at United Nations Development Program (UDNP) implementation in the territory of the Russian Federation is carried out. Experience of implementation of the PROON/GEF project "Preservation of a biodiversity in the Russian part of the Altai-Sayansk ecoregion" (2006-2012)" is given as an example. The program covered six territorial subjects of the Russian Federation, all “native’s societies, referred to category "indigenous ethnic groups of the North, Siberia and the Far East", tens of national public associations and research groups. The attention is focused on the projects directed on ethnological monitoring organization and on the interaction system between the autochthonic population, municipal authorities, wildlife refuge and national parks management. The problems of rural settlement population connected with alternative (traditional) employment forms development have been lifted also. The plots connected with the common law norms place in the sphere of ethnic business definition have been considered on the basis of office work sources analysis. Common law norms were considered as the traditional communication systems and as the social regulato
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STATE POWER VERTICAL IN KALMYK ASSR ACCORDING TO THE CONSTITUTION OF 1937
DescriptionIn order to describe the state of the power vertical in Kalmykia an analytical review of the Constitution of the RSFSR in 1937 and the Constitution of the Kalmyk ASSR in 1937 was made in this paper. The study reveals features of construction of the vertical of the supreme bodies of state power. The conclusion is that the system of construction of the vertical of higher authorities, establishes a sign of a unitary form of state-territorial structure