07.00.00 Historical sciences
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DEVELOPMENT OF TURKISH JOURNALISM IN THE ERA OF THE TANZIMAT
DescriptionFor some of the Eastern countries - Turkey, Iran, China and Japan - XIX century passed under the sign of reform. Studying these countries today is important and relevant. Such an experience could be a tool for analyzing the reform aspirations of modern mankind, which is especially valuable for those situations which are determined by the trend of rapid economic and technological progress. Hence, there is a certain increase in interest of turkologists in recent years to study reforms in Turkey deeply, especially the period of the so-called "beneficent reforms" ( "Tanzimat-i hayriye"), which lasted for more than thirty years - from 1839 to 1876
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORY OF THE INFORMATIONAL SOCIETY AND CYBERSPACE
DescriptionThe modern informational technologies and the Internet as a part of them are changing our world. These changes are the reason for genesis of new theoretical concepts in the middle of XX century, which research the influence of informational technologies on spheres of social life. Step by step we developed different theoretical concepts of “Informational society”, which try to predict the prospects of society. We have formed a new term of “cyberspace”, but scientists still argue about its meaning. One part thinks that it has only “network” meaning, which means that cyberspace is only the Internet, another part understands this term more widely, include the hardware part in this term. In this article, the author analyzes different theoretical concepts which research the question of genesis and development of informational society, and the process of forming of the term of “cyberspace”, research of the process of transformation of “postindustrial society” into “informational society”, highlight the main ideas of informational society concepts
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Description
Study of centrifugal tendencies in the Baltic republics in the years of perestroika, especially on the background of today's events in the Ukraine (the Crimea entry into Russia, the civil war in the Donbass, the aggravation of relations between Russia and the Western powers), is very important. An important direction in social and political life of the Baltic republics was the legislative activity of the Supreme Council, which made laws and regulations aimed at the isolation and subsequent exit of republics from the Soviet Union. Nowadays the problem of the role of the Supreme Council of the Baltic States in the process of sovereignty and independence was not seriously developed. That’s why consideration of the main legal acts as a historical source is an important area of research in the field of legislation the Supreme Council of the Baltic states in the perestroika years, from 1988 to 1991. The aim of the work is to study the process of sovereignty of the Baltic States through the activities of the republican Supreme Soviets in the above period. The object of work is to study legal acts of the Supreme Soviets of the Baltic republics. This article will address the following regulations: the Declaration of Sovereignty, language laws, citizenship, national symbols, as well as regulations, declared a withdrawal from the Soviet Union (as in Lithuania) or the beginning of transitional period (as in Latvia and Estonia). It should be noted that in Latvia and Estonia citizenship laws in the years 1988-1991 were only developed. Finally these laws were passed after the official recognition of these republics, so they are not included in the focus of our attention. The subject of the work is legislative activity of the Supreme Soviets of the Baltic republics in the years of perestroika
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Description
The process of occurrence and organizational registration of Josephite movement in Orthodoxy in the South of Russia is considered in the article. The results of repressive policy of the Soviet state concerning the representatives of Josephite movement are presented
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AGAINST THE LIES AND INSINUATIONS OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR 1941 – 1945
DescriptionThe authors in the article reveal the highlights of the history associated with the prehistory of the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945, its tragical beginning in the first few months and its further course, up to the Great Victory in May of 1945. They dwell on the analysis of the causes of the Second World War and the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet people against Hitler Germany. The authors, in spite of liars and forgers, show who is to blame for their unleashing and clearly indicate that the Second World War was unleashed by Hitler, through and in fact with the blessing of Western powers and especially Britain and France, carried out the policy of "appeasement" the aggressor, and ended the Munich Agreement of 1938. The authors pay special attention to the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the USSR, signed on August 23, 1939, known as the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact. They argue that this was a necessary step on the part of the Soviet Union and that this agreement, Stalin was trying to gain time and delay the beginning of the war against Nazi Germany. The authors show that Stalin and the Soviet leadership were perfectly aware of the fact that on 1 September 1939, Hitler attacked Poland and then it would be the USSR. Considering the progress, results and lessons of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, the authors elaborate and criticize the information widespread in Western historiography, as well as, first and foremost, in terms of the Soviet-Russian, lies, slander and all kinds of insinuations about the Great Patriotic war
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THE EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY OF THE ORTHODOX CLERGY OF KUBAN: MAIN STAGES AND THEIR SPECIFICITY
DescriptionThe history of the Kuban region is inseparably linked with activity of Russian Orthodox Church. The main attention is paid to studying a contribution of the orthodox clergy of Kuban to development of education and study of local history. In this research the author disproves the thesis of the Soviet authors, that Orthodoxy was the opponent of studying and development of education. On the basis of the analysis of various sources the educational activity of orthodox clergy of Kuban is comprehensively considered. The huge contribution to the development of education in Kuban was brought by K.V. Rossinskiy. Due to his efforts by 1825 there were 10 parish schools, one parish spiritual school and a gymnasium. Enlightenment has been considered as a complex system of measures aimed at the development of both intellectual and spiritual features of society. For the first time the author gives allocation periods of educational activity of Russian Orthodox Church, according to the author, there were three stages: 1794-1842; 1842- 1860; 1860-1920. The specifics of each of the periods were also specified in this research, as well as the factors influencing the development of the Kuban education. School construction was the most intensive at the third stage that is connected with the end of the Caucasian war and strengthening of positions of Russian Orthodox Church in this region. A significant amount of place in the article was taken by the analysis of the works of Russian Orthodox Church in a field of education and development of patriotism, the role of orthodox clergy of Kuban in development of study of local lore is also lit. The conclusion about an important role of Russian Orthodox Church in the Kuban history is presented in the summary. The orthodox clergy stood at the origins of the Kuban education and study of local lore. It made a brought contribution in literacy distribution, in strengthening of the spiritual beginnings of society, in preservation for descendants of unique data about the past
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PROBLEMS OF RESTORATION OF NATIONAL AUTONOMIES OF REPRESSED PEOPLES
DescriptionThe article attempts to highlight the problems of restoring the autonomies of the repressed peoples of Russia during the Great Patriotic War. Karachais, Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingush, Balkars and other peoples were forcibly relocated to the eastern regions of the country, and their autonomies were abolished. And only after the death of Stalin began the process of softening the special settlement regime for deported peoples. However, the decisive role was played by the 20th Congress of the Party, held in February 1956. At a closed meeting of the congress, the eviction of peoples, NS. Khrushchev called "a gross violation of the national policy of the Soviet state." The Twentieth Party Congress proposed reviving the illegally abolished national autonomies of repressed peoples. Public condemnation of mass repressions against the peoples of the North Caucasus was of great importance for the fate of deported ethnic groups, facilitated a number of measures to restore justice
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PAINTINGS BY S. A. GAVRILYACHENKO, AS ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE SOURCE ON THE DAILY LIFE OF THE COSSACKS
DescriptionIn today's world, one of the most urgent problems is applying to study history of everyday life. In this paper first analyzes the reflection of the everyday life of the Cossacks on the paintings for S. A. Gavrilyachenko. The author examines in detail the work of the artist associated with this theme indicates strengths and weaknesses. Particular attention is paid to the precision display of the Cossack everyday life in the artist's canvases. Based on the study, the author comes to the conclusion about the possibility of using S. A. Gavrilyachenko as one of the sources in the study of Cossack life. The work particularly focuses on the specifics of their use is indicated method of analysis of illustrative sources. The article also highlights the daily life of the Cossacks. The paper identifies features of life and development of the Cossacks, is indicated by its role in the history of Russia. Important place in the life of the Cossacks took the Orthodox faith; they very strictly observe the customs, traditions and beliefs. Particularly tragic was the Cossack period of the February revolution of 1917, at this time the destruction of the centralized management of the Cossack troops occurred. A decisive blow to the bar caused the Civil war of 1917-1923 and what happened during the famine of 1921 — 1922, this theme is most fully represented in the works of S. A. Gavrilyachenko
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THE POLITICAL CRISIS IN THE KALMYK KHANATE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 18TH CENTURY
DescriptionThe article deals with a political crisis in the Kalmyk khanate and the departure of the part of the Volga Kalmyks from South Russia to the borders of the Jungar khanate at the beginning of the XVIII century. The dramatic events of 1701–1702 which were caused by a race for power in a khanʼs family or by an attempt of «palace revolution» are considered in chronological sequence. This conflict was used by the representatives of the Kalmyk ruling elite who were dissatisfied with the khan Ayukaʼs policy and interested in the change of the political power. But the support of the tsarist government given to the Kalmyk khan ruined the plans of the conspirators and some part of them embracing 15 thousand of nomad tents moved on to the territory of Jungaria. This event which cardinally influenced on the alignment of forces in the Oirat society considerably weakened the Kalmyk khanate and correspondingly increased the population size in the Jungar khanate
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THE POLICY OF TSARIST RUSSIA IN CHECHNYA AT THE TURN OF THE 1840- 1850-IES
DescriptionIn the article, based on factual material, we reveal the policy of tsarist Russia in Chechnya at the turn of the 1840-1850-ies. The article points out that in 1836, Chechnya was not included in the national liberation movement of highlanders of the North-Eastern Caucasus. In early 1840, Shamil was elected the Imam of Chechnya and the Imam of Dagestan and Chechnya. The same year there was a General revolt in Chechnya. Since that time, the center of the national liberation movement in the North-East Caucasus was moving to Chechnya. The article noted that for the conquest of the Chechen population by the king's command despite military means there were made engineering, economic and ideological measures. In the end, these measures and the teachings of Kunta-Haji, which began to spread in the same period of time, influenced the political situation in Chechnya and the minds of the Chechens. And all this, taken together, led to the fact that since the early 50-ies of the 19th century some groups of the society of Chechnya began to show a tendency towards reconciliation with Russia. In the studied time there was a change of tactics of the king's army in Chechnya. The Royal army was moving from trench warfare to the method of the marginalization of Chechens further and further into the mountains, through the construction of forest rides, and consolidated in the captured territory a system of military forts and Cossack villages. In 1850 the Royal army began to implement a plan of invasion of Chechnya which was Dagestan barns. This undermined the economic base of the Imamate heavily. Since the beginning of the 1850-ies and up until 1859, the center of gravity of the Caucasian war was transferred to Chechnya. There would be major events that would create the fate of the Imamate. Thus, the article characterizes the economic and propaganda policy of tsarism and its importance in the conquest of Chechnya; we have also highlighted the military actions against the mountaineers, explored the tactics and the strategy of the king's army in Chechnya