25.00.00 Sciences about Earth
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Description
Considered in the study, there are specific features and stratigraphy of the snow cover in the region of the mountain claster of Sochi (Krasnaya Polyana) during winter of 2016-2017. We have analyzed patterns of snow thickness distribution, its dependence on the absolute elevation, slope exposition and landscape type. Conclusions were made about the necessity of the regular study of the structure and quality of the snow cover for the purpose of mountain skiing development
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Description
In the article, we consider climatic conditions during the cold period of the year in the mountain claster of Sochi. We have analyzed variability of time series of air temperature and precipitation sums at meteostation Krasnaya Polyana. We have established, that average daily temperature in the cold period was growing during the last thirty years. This process was accompanied by decreasing of daily temperature amplitides. Winter of the year 2016/17 is characterized by early beginning of snow accumulation because of comparatively low temperatures in December 2016. This was the reason in general for comparatively more dense snow cover and to more frequent avalanches
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Description
The article focuses on the unique nature of the CBD and the North Caucasus, and to existing problems. It was noted that many areas of protected and recreational areas are eroded and disturbed by human activities and environmental tourism in the regions is not developed. We have made a justification for the establishment of eco-tourism, the key objectives and tasks. On the example of Kabardino-Balkaria, there was set scientific and technological rationale of the organization of the centers of ecological tourism in the regions. The article shows a comparative analysis about the developing ecological tourism in Europe as an active form of recreation. Unlike European counterparts, in our project we have a strong emphasis on the popularization and implementation of environmental technologies for the protection and improvement of springs, hiking trails and recreation areas for tourists. You can find descriptions of the most interesting and amazing natural monuments, and recreation areas divided in ecological routes and areas of the CBD. The mountain zones of the CBD are mainly located in four valleys: in the Baksan, Cherek, Chehem and Malka, where these amazing natural monuments and landscapes are. The authors conducted a field research work for the study of the unique natural sites in all environmental routes and areas of the CBD. In conclusion, it is noted that in our region there is great potential for organization of ecological tourism and all these beautiful natural conditions are the basis for this. The development of ecological tourism will further attract more than 10 thousand tourists who are interested in nature in Kabardino-Balkaria and environmental issues in the region
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Description
In the given article, we explore the territory organization of tourism in the Krasnodar region. General route models of trips are considered. M. Clauson’s theory about dependence demand of distance of a trip is explored. Also, the efficiency of testing this theory in modern conditions was taken up. Theoretical and practical aspects of clusters in a tourist-recreational complex, such as substance of cluster approach in tourism, ways of determining the geographic boundaries of clusters and other details are investigated. The territory of the Krasnodar region has grate tourist potential, but the flow of tourists is very unevenly distributed. This is the reason why a new one clustering of the Black Sea cost in the region is offered. It means care of the administrative boundaries of municipalities and zoning on the basis of accessibility of attractive excursion objects in respect to distance and influence of environment. This way of management of coastal zones in the Krasnodar region helps to govern all resources more rationally. It also provides confident development of tourism
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STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMIC ACID SOILS OF THE KRASNODAR REGION
DescriptionThe structural and functional properties of humic acids of different types of poorly studied soils of the Krasnodar Region: ordinary black soil or chernozem (carbonated), meadowish chernozem and gray forest soils are investigated. We define the type of humus of the soil samples studied as fulvate-humate. Using traditional indicators of humus soil conditions the regularities of soil and ecological processes involving organic matter in soils under natural and anthropogenically factorial changes in the monitoring sites are revealed. The relationship of the optical properties of humic acids with the intensity of the processes of transformation of humic substances by increasing the depth of the soil sample is shown. By NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and spectrophotometry in the visible spectrum differences and similarities in the structure of macromolecules of humic acids in soil samples. In terms of soil contamination with oil in a field experiment, on the monitoring site we have set a trend towards to redistribution in the ratio of functional groups of humic acid macromolecules: the proportion of aliphatic fragments increases. We have revealed an increase in the share of the mobile fraction of humic substances in terms of oil pollution. The article has the most suitable justification for these processes. The results can be used for prediction the environmental state of the soil under anthropogenic pollution
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RURAL (AGRARIAN) TOURISM: RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS AND MODERN DEVELOPMENT IN THE KRASNODAR REGION
DescriptionMany scientists suppose that rural tourism as a kind of tourism industry in Russia has not got long history. But we can see its manifestations at different stages of tourism development, which are described in the given article. In different historical periods, rural tourism had its own forms, modifications and kinds of activity. That is why we can say that agrarian tourism took place in pre-Soviet and Soviet periods too. Besides, we still have troubles with theoretic aspects of rural tourism. Today science society invents a determination of rural (agrarian) tourism, creates classifications of this and so forth. Nowadays rural tourism is a polyfunctional phenomenon. That is why we should explore it in more details. The Krasnodar region has a lot of recourses which allows us to develop many kinds of tourism, including agrarian on its territory. Existing legal environment creates attractive investment climate and helps to develop rural tourism in the Krasnodar region successfully
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Description
Within the Terek-Sunzha gas area we have identified patterns, most of which are divided into blocks in some cases with large amplitude shear. The processes of destruction of structures took place during the period of their formation and the subsequent time and due to the strong and catastrophic earthquakes. The article provides a statistical analysis of strong earthquakes in this region during the period 1688-2008 and the regularities of their existence. It is shown that the maximum number of earthquakes took place during the period of the depths of 5-12 km and the distribution of the number of strong earthquakes at levels subject to certain matematical patterns. With regard to the analysis of the distribution of earthquakes in a single year in the whole of the globe, we obtained the correlation of the displacement of rocks from levels of existence of earthquakes and possible displacement of rocks to very catastrophic earthquakes. We have also given the forecast frequency and the number of strong catastrophic earthquakes for the period from the beginning of the formation of structures up to the present time. We assessed maximum displacements of rock blocks during this time, which is in good agreement with the actual values of the displacement of rock blocks
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THE ROLE OF LAND, WATER AND MINERAL RESOURCES IN THE CONFLICTS IN AFRICA AND THE WAY FORWARD
DescriptionThe scarcity of natural resources has become a serious problem in terms of security in the world. This article examines the role of the limited resources in conflicts in Africa. The main source of conflict is the issue of control of resources and the right to a healthy environment. Here we consider the case of the regional conflicts in the African context. A large number of major rivers in Africa also have been the cause of conflicts between the riparian countries. However, most of these problems have been successfully solved, and in many cases, this process led to the formation of regional blocs for economic and diplomatic cooperation in the region. In addition to inter-State disputes, there are also internal disputes among regions or states within the same country for the control of resources. However, in some cases these regions have developed wellcoordinated approaches to resolving the disputes: either by judicial apportionment, congressional action or based on negotiated compacts. In general, we believe that a careful application of equitable resource-sharing formula to volatile areas is a basic condition for peace and stability in Africa
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CALCULATION OF MELTING RATE OF DEBRIS-COVERED AREAS OF A MOUNTAIN GLACIER
DescriptionConsiderable parts of the ablation zones of mountain glaciers in various mountain systems of the World are covered with rocks (dibris). Heat and physical properties of debris layer are very different from those of ice. Debris layer determines ablation rate and ice run-off regime. Dependently on thickness, it can accelerate ablation or totally isolate ice cover from melting. To describe ablation rate in a mathematical model correctly, one needs to include in it a block responsible for heat exchange of debris-covered areas with the atmosphere. In the paper, we consider an algorithm for calculation of ablation rate under the layer of debris, which is to be incorporated to the surface mass balance model. We also describe results of calculations of temperature distribution in a debris layer and estimates of ablation rate under the latter. All calculations were carried out for heat and physical properties of Djankuat Glacier in the Central Caucasus
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LOCALIZATION FEATURES OF GEOCHEMICAL TYPES OF UNDERGROUND WATER OF OB-TOMSKOYE INTERFLUVIAL
DescriptionThe chemical composition of neogen-quaternary, paleogene, cretaceous and paleozoic aquifer systems in the Ob-Tomskoye interfluves area is presented in the article. The water saturation with respect to secondary minerals is described. Authors show that the waters of all studied aquifer systems are saturated with respect to montmorillonites and calcite in a less degree. The geochemical water types are identified and their distribution is described