№ 157(3), March, 2020
Public date: 31.03.2020
Archive of journal: Articles count 29, 98 kb
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06.01.01 General agriculture, crop production (agricultural sciences)
ASSESSMENT OF FROST RESISTANCE IN WINTER BARLEY VARIETIES
06.01.01 General agriculture, crop production (agricultural sciences)
DescriptionThe article presents the results of the research on the evaluation of frost-resistant varieties of winter barley. Frost resistance is the main criterion for winter hardiness of winter crops. To promote the area of cultivation of winter barley in colder areas, production needs high-hardy varieties. Recently, due to the warming of the climate in the Central zone of the Krasnodar region, it is almost impossible to reliably and accurately determine the winter hardiness of winter crops in natural (field) conditions. In this regard, breeders in their work, in order to identify frost-resistant forms, use the method of direct freezing of breeding and collection material. During our research, the evaluation of the test material was carried out using a modified method developed by academician V. M. Shevtsov. This method allows the most accurate and efficient determination of the critical temperature for a particular sample in a short period of time. Varieties and lines were placed in the EKSI refrigeration unit for a certain period of time. Then they were taken out, and at the end of time, the percentage of plants before and after freezing was calculated. As a result of the conducted research, we have selected highly frost-resistant forms that differ in a complex of economically valuable features and properties
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DETECTED GRAPE VARIETIES OF AFGHANISTAN
06.01.01 General agriculture, crop production (agricultural sciences)
DescriptionThe article reports in color on the characteristics of the three varieties and their clones that are common in Afghanistan. In the process of ampelographic screening of vineyards in Afghanistan, three varieties previously undescribed in Russian literature under the local names Aita, Gundyan and Shandyhani were discovered. Their identification by ampelographic and ampelometric characteristics made it possible to establish the original Aita variety, the Gundyan variety as a synonym for Guladan and Shandyhani as a synonym for the world famous Sultanin, or Kishmish. The described varieties are quite common in Afghanistan, reputable in economic returns and are still promising for cultivation in their country, where they are successfully used in the manufacture of dried products and high-quality diet juices. To identify the impact of various environmental conditions on the growth, development, quantity and quality of the crop, these varieties must be tested in all zones of different ecological and geographical areas of cultivation
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06.01.01 General agriculture, crop production (agricultural sciences)
DescriptionThe problems of automated control of the technological processes of crop production and the tasks of supporting the adoption of managerial decisions at each stage of the production cycle have become even more urgent in view of the processes of transformation, globalization and digitalization of the economy, which have recently become widespread. The agricultural sector of the economy of the Russian Federation is no exception, because agricultural products, especially crop production, are of strategic importance and are the basis of food security in our country. In this scientific project, the problems of agricultural enterprises of the Krasnodar region, in particular, in the field of management processes, its information and software, were investigated. At this stage, it was determined that the measures taken to increase labor productivity at the agricultural enterprises of the Krasnodar region and the automation of technological processes in crop production were not complex, therefore, they had a slight effect on the efficiency of the industry. Studying the IT services and software market made it possible to draw a well-founded conclusion that decision-making support processes in crop management, especially issues related to the justified choice of crop cultivation technology, rationalization of a crop rotation system, analysis of a history book of crop rotation fields, calculation of dosages of organic fertilizers for a deficit-free balance of humus, are not covered by the funds of software systems offered on the market. As a result, the demand for industrial analytical systems and, in particular, integrated automation systems for managing crop production processes for agricultural enterprises is forming in the software market. Therefore, the development and implementation of a computer decision support system for managing crop production processes, based on mathematical models for analyzing and evaluating the economic efficiency of crop cultivation technologies, crop rotation rationalization models, data analysis models for crop rotation field history books, models of optimal selection of crop protection products plants and fertilizers has become very relevant. These studies can be considered priority and highly demanded, as they are directly related to one of the fundamental directions of the modern development of agricultural production - the study of the problems of development and implementation of an integrated automated information system for crop management. The article is devoted to the theoretical justification and feasibility of the practical implementation of the software module for accounting and analysis of data from the e-book of the history of crop rotation fields, which is part of the developed automated crop management information system
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05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
THE SOIL-CULTIVATING UNIVERSAL UNIT APU-1
05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
DescriptionEnsuring the food security of the country in the conditions of growing consumption of crop products and excluding dependence on foreign producers poses a serious question for science to increase the volume of production while maintaining soil fertility. One of the important tasks in solving this problem is to create a moisture-saving and moisture-accumulating soil layers. This article focuses on the cultivation of winter wheat. In addition to providing moisture in the cultivated layer, crop losses are observed as a result of the defeat of plants by Fusarium. Also, to ensure the co-storage of the fruit layer, it is necessary to reduce the use of chemical means of protection, less intensive impact on the treated surface by the running systems of power facilities and working bodies of machines, but with compliance with the primary requirements for the treated surface. To complete the tasks, we have developed a universal plow with a turning beam. Chisel working bodies are installed on the front of the beam. The formation turnover is performed by the disk working bodies installed further. The main element is a skating rink. The article presents the scheme of sets of plow on different types of work, as a universal combined machine and to perform individual types of work
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05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
DescriptionIn this article we consider methods of inactivation of anti-nutrient substances of leguminous crops by means of preliminary treatment: melting and extrusion of grain. It has been found that the main anti-nutrient of legumes is a trypsin inhibitor. It is concluded that it is impossible to use leguminous crops as animal feed without preliminary treatment. We have considered issues of use of leguminous crops in feeding farm animals in the form of flour, cake, extraction cake, protein concentrates, milk, green mass, hay, senage, herbal flour and silage, and it has been established that the most promising direction of preparation of leguminous animals for feeding by agricultural animals is preparation of liquid protein suspension
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05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
DescriptionAn effective factor in increasing the yield of grain crops has long been considered to provide the sown seeds with the necessary nutrition area when sowing. ideally, the plant's nutrition area should be in the form of a circle with an area of 10 ...25 cm2 without overlapping with the neighboring ones. This distribution of feeding areas means an ideal spread of crops without borders and row spacing. However, in the grain production, the standard crop with a row spacing of 15 cm was spread out, where the seed distribution is artificially limited to a narrow strip where the grain feeding areas overlap. According to experts, this placement of seeds, which has developed historically, is not justified by either the experience of agricultural production or agricultural science. The availability of seeds with the necessary feeding area for row sowing is small – about 15%. At the present time, agricultural science is showing increasing interest in the technologies of ideal spread seeding. But the ideal is not yet obtained due to the lack of appropriate coulters. In these conditions, the band seeding method that closely implements the ideal multiple seeding comes to the fore. We propose a number of designs for single-disc and single-disc coulters for strip sowing, which form a fairly wide furrow up to 100 mm
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05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
DescriptionThe article presents the results of studying the influence of some types of packaging materials used in conjunction with Inter Fresh’s ethylene absorber (sachets) on commercial quality and losses of Alexandria zucchini, Lyubov sweet pepper and tomatoes cv. Inkas during storage. The study was carried out using StePac Xtend bags, creating a modified atmosphere. The objects of research were stored for 14 days at a temperature of 8 – 10 °С and air relative humidity of 90±3 %. One sachet for ethylene absorption was placed in Xtend bags. It was found that when stored under these conditions, the total weight loss is: for tomatoes – 0.3% when using Xtend bags and Inter Fresh ethylene absorbers, 1.8% when using traditional packaging materials; for zucchini – 0.4% when using Xtend bags and Inter Fresh ethylene absorbers, 1.6% when using traditional packaging materials. Losses associated with microbiological damage during storage of zucchini and tomatoes were not observed. During storage of sweet pepper microbiological spoilage took place, which, apparently, was the result of increased contamination with pathogenic microorganisms
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APPLICATION OF ACOUSTIC-MAGNETIC DEVICES IN HEAT SUPPLY SYSTEMS OF GREENHOUSE COMPLEXES
05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
DescriptionThe article discusses scale formation problems of greenhouse complexes with geothermal heat sources. Two-circuit geothermal heat supply systems with intermediate heat exchangers are used to prevent equipment and communications scale. Fresh softened water is heated by geothermal heat and is supplied to consumer needs. The heat exchanger and primary circuit communications contacting with the geothermal heat carrier (geothermal water) are subjected to scale formation in the existing system. A scale formation of heat exchange surfaces reduces the efficiency of the heat exchanger and requires a periodic cleaning and causes a chain of economic losses in the production, transportation and consumption of heat. Currently, we use physical, chemical, biological and combined methods of scale formation prevention. The article also considers hypothesis about the effect of an acoustic-magnetic field on solutions. It was found experimentally, that the acoustic-magnetic field affects to characteristics and dimensions of salt crystals. The number of particles increases and solid phase dimensions decrease. A large number of microcrystals suspended in water are formed as a result of the nonchemical acoustic-magnetic treatment of geothermal water. These crystals do not stick to the pipe surface and do not settle to the bottom, may be filtered out and carry out by water flow from the system
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05.13.10 Management in social and economic systems
05.13.10 Management in social and economic systems
DescriptionThe article considers the most used methods and means of knowledge extraction taking into account the quality assessment of models in decision support systems. In scientific and practical terms, the possibilities of joint effective use of expert systems, data mining (IAD) and machine logical inference (MLV), which provides deeper data processing, taking into account the significant differences between databases (DB) and knowledge bases (BZ). DB is a unit of information unrelated to each other information, while BZ – not only related to each other, but also with the concepts of the world, which makes it possible to solve complex multi-criteria problems in various subject areas. Currently, increasing attention is paid to non-network technologies that have the ability to simulate nonlinear processes, work with noisy data, as well as the ability to learn and self-study, extracting essential features from the incoming information. At the same time, the integration of neural network technologies and artificial intelligence models into a single hybrid system together with the methods of logical inference in the form of a hierarchical sequence of the "If-then" rules structure significantly improves the understanding of the studied process and the quality of presentation of the result. Nevertheless, these methods and means of knowledge extraction are insufficient if the fuzzy linguistic inference mechanism is not used. The basic characteristic of fuzzy sets is the membership function, which is a generalized characteristic of a normal set. To set this feature, we use three types of shapes – triangular, trapezoidal and Gaussian type and two main procedures – phasefication and de-phaseification which is considered by the example of the method of Mamdani. Along with the stated most promising direction in this area is the adaptive gain algorithm called AdaBoost, where the limitation of the gain due to the filtering is to apply the subsampling circuit which has the normal contour of batch training, reusable training data. This provides an opportunity to work with weak models, and in the conditions of hybridization causes efficiency increase, strengthens the classifiers united in the "Committee". Each next set of classifiers is built on objects incorrectly classified by previous sets. AdaBoost is sensitive to data noise and emissions and is less susceptible to retraining, which can significantly reduce the number of examples and obtain better output in the DSS