№ 159(5), May, 2020
Public date: 29.05.2020
Archive of journal: Articles count 23, 89 kb
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TECHNOLOGICAL AND DESIGN PARAMETERS OF A PNEUMATIC SEEDER WITH A CENTRAL DOSING SYSTEM
05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
Description
The article describes reasons for uneven distribution of seeds by pneumatic grain drills. For the theoretical justification of the operation modes of the pneumatic seeder, we have calculated the coefficients of the weight concentration of seeds in the air stream for different seeding rates and movement speeds. We have also calculated feed rate of seeds and planting performance of the machine for working width of 8.4 m. We have derived an equation of constancy of consumption of seeds, and the equation determining total pressure loss in the pneumatic conduit, emerging from the sum of the losses in the receiver, losses on the dispersal of the material after the receiver, and losses on the stopped movement of pneumatic mixtures
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ON THE HYBRIDIZATION OF RICE VARIETIES AND WEED-FIELD RED GRAIN FORMS
06.01.05 Selection and seed production of agricultural plants (agricultural sciences)
Description
Large areas under commercial rice in many countries of the world including Russia are infested with weed-field red grain forms of rice. In the nineties of the XX century new red grain forms of rice appeared in the rice commercial fields of the Krasnodar region; these plants differed little from the morphotype of the variety in morphological characteristics. Such plants were difficult to distinguish and remove during varietal weeding. The increased content of red rice grains among the elite seeds leads to the rejection of such crops, thus reducing the economic efficiency of the seed production. Researchers do not have a single opinion on the origin of the new forms of the red grain rice. Various assumptions are made on mutations, unlocking of epigene of the pericarp coloration of the caryopsis to return to the ancestral red grain forms, and cross-pollination between cultivated and red grain rice. In 2014-2018 a methodological experiment on artificial hybridization between the white grain variety and rice varieties with colored pericarp of the grains (Mars and Yuzhnaya Noch) was carried out to discover the origin of these new forms of the red grain rice. The article presents an analysis of hybrids of direct and reverse crosses between the white grain variety Snezhinka, having an amylose long grain, and the black grain variety Yuzhnaya Noch with a glutinous short grain. As a result of artificial hybridization, a new initial material was received with a different type of grain in shape, color and consistency of the endosperm. This material is of significant interest for further breeding and genetic research. When evaluating hybrid plants obtained by direct crossing Snezhinka / Yuzhnaya Noch and reverse crossing Yuzhnaya Noch / Snezhinka, a significant influence of the maternal cytoplasm on the formation of quality signs of endosperm has been revealed. This must be considered when planning such studies. An analysis of the economically valuable traits of the received hybrid material brings a conclusion that the new red grain forms in the commercial rice varieties may appear as a result of spontaneous hybridization between red grain and white grain rice
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05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
Description
Both domestic and foreign experience have noted that the introduction of diagnostic tools was one of the most important factors in increasing the economic efficiency of the use of equipment in industry. The purpose of diagnostics is detection and prevention of failures and failures, maintenance of operational parameters within the specified limits, forecasting of the state for the purpose of full use of the resource. Today, more than ever, the assessment of the current state of the electric power is particularly acute. With one regulatory method of testing electric motors, it was necessary to make a sufficiently in-depth analysis of technical documentation for testing or diagnosis of new modern tests or diagnostics. The relevance of the transition to non-destructive methods of motor testing is increased in order to increase their service life. At present, there is a need to introduce more gentle methods of testing electric bodies, since the standardized test method has a negative impact on the condition of electric motors as a whole and on the integrity of the structure. In order to ensure the necessary level of reliability of electrical equipment at enterprises, it is necessary to use modern testing methods and diagnostic systems
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SEARCHING FOR NATURAL ANTIMICOTICS EFFECTIVE AGAINST PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI
06.01.01 General agriculture, crop production (agricultural sciences)
Description
Progress in crop production depends on many factors; including the important measure is the protection from pathogenic microorganisms. Various chemicals are used to control phytopathogens, such as natural and artificially synthesized ones. Natural compounds are more environmentally friendly, in most cases less toxic and quickly destroyed. The purpose of this work was to find strains of actinobacteria that have antifungal activity and are considered by us as possible sources of antifungal compounds for agricultural purposes. We selected 10 strains of actinobacteria that were isolated from typical regions of Russia. These strains were active against the fungal test strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae RIA 259 and Aspergillus niger INA 00760 when deep cultured. To determine the activity of selected actinobacteria against phytopathogenic fungi, 6 strains isolated from affected plants were used as tests. Morphological and genetic analysis methods have shown that the selected actinobacteria strains belong to two genera and are represented by the following species: Nocardia soli, Streptomyces antibioticus, S. bottropensis, S. chartreusis, S. chromofuscus, S. hydrogenans (2 isolates), S. lusitanus, S. netropsis, S. peucetius. Phytopathogenic fungi are represented by the following species: Fusarium armeniacum (2 isolates), Fusarium culmorum, Alternaria tenuissima (2 isolates), Bipolaris sorokiniana. As a result, it was found that under conditions of submerged cultivation on nutrient media, actibacteria form substances that inhibit the growth of all phytopathogenic tests used in the experiment. The representatives of species N. soli INA 01217, S.chromofuscus INA 01211, S. lusitanus INA 01218, S. netropsis INA 01190 and S. peucetius INA 01255 have not been described as having antifungal activity previously, so we consider them to be the most promising for chemical research to identify new antifungal antibiotics
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06.01.01 General agriculture, crop production (agricultural sciences)
Description
These studies are devoted to determining the characteristics of changes in some physiological and biochemical parameters of sweet cherry plants that arise under the influence of the main damaging factor of the spring period - frost and associated with the resistance of the plant organism to the action of stressor. The studies were carried out in 2012 and adjacent 2018-2019 in the fruiting plantations of cherries of the Kuban zone located on horticultural soils: leached chernozem and alluvial meadow. We studied sweet cherry varieties of different resistance to frost. Samples for analysis were selected according to the background of naturally prevailing positive air temperatures. The plant material was frozen in the Binder climate chamber KB 53 for 4 hours at a temperature of 2.5 ± 0.2 ° C. According to the results of the experiment, sweet cherry plants that differ in early flowering are more susceptible to the temperature stressor in the spring in comparison with late flowering plant organisms. Meanwhile, the resistance of plants to frost depends not so much on the date of differentiation of the generative buds, but on the efficiency of the physiological and biochemical activation mechanisms under the influence of an unfavorable synthesis factor in the flowers of indolylacetic acid, which is responsible for the efficiency of the onset of fruit formation, and ultimately a more complete implementation potential productivity. An important indicator of the stability of a plant organism is the degree of change in the content of this phytohormone
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MODERN TECHNOLOGIES FOR GRAPE STORING
05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
Description
The article gives a review of modern technologies of storage of grapes. The main tool for stabilizing the quality of grapes during transportation and storage is the use of sulfur dioxide (SO2), a gas that has properties that can inhibit non-enzymatic darkening, reduce the activity of enzymes, effectively control the development of Botrytis cinérea (a phytopathogen that causes gray rot) and acts as an antioxidant. Researchers pay particular attention to control the release rate of SO2, as it is important in the first stage storage to ensure supply of significant quantities of SO2 for a short period of time, which eliminates Botrytis spores that are present on the surface of berries and to stabilize the damages formed during transport and filling; the second step is to ensure a steady supply of the minimum quantity of the SO2, to ensure the control of microbiological spoilage. For a long storage time. To preserve the quality indicators of grapes during storage, it is possible to use a modified gas environment created in various ways, including through special types of packaging; forced saturation of the environment with gases such as oxygen, ozone or carbon dioxide. At the same time, to enhance the effect can additionally apply fungicides, antifungal ear Anti-mold®, etc. There are known technologies for complex processing of table grapes to combat post-harvest microbiological spoilage, which provide for the first stage of treatment with ozone or sulfur dioxide followed by spray treatment with Muscodor albus. An alternative to the use of SO2 is the use of essential oils and hypobaric treatment methods that ensure minimal environmental impact. Positive results during storage are provided by the use of medium-range ultraviolet radiation (UV-B) or short-wave radiation (UV-C), which positively affect the transcription of biosynthetic genes, providing an increase in the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of grapes, without affecting the content of dry soluble substances, the value of total titrated acidity and pH during storage. The analysis of modern technologies is of interest to practitioners and researchers who develop technologies for storing grapes
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MEAT QUALITY OF DUCKS GROWN ON DIETS WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF BENTO-CLAY
Description
Obtaining maximum productivity and reducing production costs are the main challenges facing livestock producers in modern conditions. To achieve the effectiveness of the poultry industry, we carried out a research in the utilities sector of the Rostov Region, the purpose of which was to study the effectiveness of the use of a feed additive – bento-clay in the diet of ducklings grown for meat. In the research, we study the influence of various doses of the feed on the diet and growth of ducklings. Experimental research data showed that the introduction of bento-clay into the diet of ducklings as a feed additive allowed to increase live weight, average daily gain, the safety of ducklings, the mass of half-gutted and gutted carcasses, the yield of edible parts, and meat quality compared to the control group. Thus, bento-clay influenced the increase in the water-holding ability of ducklings meat, which contributed to the improvement of its technological properties. Therefore, at three weeks of age, the live weight of ducklings was 11.5% -18.2% more than ducklings of the control group, and at seven weeks of age this difference was 8.4-12%, respectively, and the average daily increase was 7.2 -14.1% with high safety
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06.01.01 General agriculture, crop production (agricultural sciences)
Description
In the production of seeds of sugar beet hybrids, based on cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), we use single-fruited male sterile (MS) and ungrown fertile pollinator (Fp) plants as components of the cross. Sugar beet has a two-year development cycle. In the first year, root crops intended for growing seeds are formed, in the second year, a rosette of leaves grows from the vegetative roots of the root crop, and flowering stems grow from the generative buds. The article presents the planting method for seed production of MS of sugar beet hybrids under irrigation during summer thickened sowing. This method allows you to grow root crops-plugs with a yield factor of planting material 1: 6, 1: 7. We have also considered technological methods for growing root crops-plugs of the parent components of MS sugar beet hybrids on irrigation. The features of moisture supply and mineral nutrition systems were studied. The techniques of sowing technology and the formation of density of planting, care of crops, as well as methods for the protection, harvesting and storage of mother beets, contributing to the production of high-quality planting material, have been developed
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05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
Description
The article introduces a study on the creation of a simulated physical and mathematical model of the working process of a strip thrower, throwing soil in a directed flow. The problem solved with the help of this work is aimed at optimizing the cutting and ejection process in a given direction of the soil with minimal energy consumption with a maximum emission range. The article describes a methodology for calculating the milling thrower, which is oriented to the formation of the required amount of soil to create a mineralized strip at the edge of a forest bottom fire. Improving and realizing the full reproduction of physical and mathematical models using process simulations, you can save resources on the development of forestry aggregates. The study presents a productive method of processing soil with milling cutters, which helps to reduce energy consumption due to the formation of oriented mineralized flows of soil. For a physical and mathematical description of the process, a simulation program has been compiled that allows you to test the specific task of minimizing energy consumption at a maximum distance of soil discharge with a constant flow density to the rotational speed of the milling throwers
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MEAT PRODUCTIVITY OF BULL CALVES UNDER INTENSIVE REARING
Description
The article presents a comparative assessment of the meat productivity of young cattle of the two most common intensive meat breeds in the Russian Federation (Aberdeen Angus and Hereford) in comparison with the most numerous native in the South of the country domestic breed, which is Kalmyk. Intensive rearing from 9 to 18 months of age was carried out in the conditions of industrial fattening complex on rations not containing juicy forages. In the process of 273-day intensive rearing, in bulls of the tested breeds average daily live weight gains from 1455 to 1526 grams were achieved. During this period, an absolute increase was obtained in Aberdeen-Angus bulls-416.6 kg, in peers of Hereford and Kalmyk breeds-413.6 and 397.2 kg. The highest pre-slaughter live weight and slaughter rates were noted in Aberdeen-Angus bulls, having a yield of a pair carcass of 59.4 % and a slaughter yield of 62.8 %. The meat of Aberdeen-Angus bulls has the highest content of fat and dry matter, but they have less protein, lower pH and moisture binding capacity and a higher loss of meat juice during cooking, compared with the bulls of the Kalmyk breed. It was confirmed that the coefficients of transformation of protein and energy into products are closely related to the intensity of growth and weight of the carcass. The most effective of these indicators were in bulls of Aberdeen-Angus, then Hereford and Kalmyk breeds. A similar pattern between the breeds was manifested in terms of profitability and cost recovery
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