03.00.00 Biological sciences
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Description
The problem of environmental contamination by heavy metals is significant problem of urbanization. The search of ways of indication heavy metals pollution becomes actual, because of their simplicity and affordability. A widely used test objects for heavy metals pollution indicators are leafy mosses used for bioindication, because they are highly sensitive to any stress factor. The research shows that bioindication with using leafy mosses as test objects is highly effective method definition of heavy metals pollution. Using of bioindication methods are promising techniques for the assessment of the contamination of ecosystems by heavy metals. Through the use of this method, it is possible indication of pollution of the surface layer of air with heavy metals. The epiphytic moss (Pylaisia polyantha) growing in different zones of the city of Rostov-on-Don, was used for the heavy metals pollution biomonitoring of urbosystems. The accumulation features of heavy metals in the epitaphic pylaisiella moss (Pylaisia polyantha) in the territory of the city of Rostov-on-Don have been considered. pylaisiella moss (P. polyantha) accumulates the largest amounts of the following heavy metals: Zn, Cr, Pb, Sr, Ni (Kc to 1.07), and Cu. According to the Kc values, all the studied elements accumulated by pylaisiella moss form the following series of biological uptake: Zn > Pb > Sr > Cr > V > Ni > Cu > Cо. The results of investigation showed that the epiphytic moss (Pylaisia polyantha) can be used as indicator of heavy metals pollution in different polluted zones
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Description
Green building, forestry, agriculture of the Rostov region is in desperate need of resistant and long-lived samples of deciduous trees of the first grade. The main object of the search of promising forms of deciduous trees were artificial plantations of Quercus robur in the Botanical Garden of SFU. The research identified several of samples of Quercus robur, which are of economic interest. Based on ecological and biological properties and economic qualities, the most promising on was a sample of Quercus robur var. tardiflora, planted in 1888. This sample is less receptive to pests and diseases. It also has a high winter hardiness and drought resistance and significantly superior to similar samples of Quercus robur along longevity and has a high decorative effect. Dedicated sample of Quercus robur var. tardiflora, and his generation from seed is very different from other samples of the population by time of phenological phases. The all main henological phases of this sample occured later by on 10-15 days. The sample belongs to the group of plants of late phenological dates start and end of the growing season. The phenology of dedicated samples contributes to their high steadiness into regional climate. It propagates by sowing freshly harvested seeds. Phenological features of the selected sample might be inherited in the seminal generations
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REACTION OF APPLE-TREE VARIETIES AND STOCKS ON CHANGE OF pH OF SOIL
DescriptionThe researches are devoted to the determination of physiological parameters of grafted apple-trees joining with the level of their resistance to the change of soil рН. The experiments were carried out in the conditions of lysimetric experience with the soils use characterizing by different value of рН. The scheme of experience included the following variants of soil medium reaction: neutral (рН 7,3), typical for black soils of plain part of the region (control); weak-acid (рН 6,2) existing in soils of foothill zone of the region (grey and brown forest); strong-acid (5.1) typical for brown forest soils; weak-alkaline(рН 8.3) occurring in black soils of south and sod-carbonate soils, strong-alkaline ( рН 8.8) typical for maternal types of many black soils. There were studied the varieties of apple-trees Prima, Florina and Renet Simirenko grafted on stocks M9 and MM106 and as well as corresponding the non-grafted stocks. The reaction of grafted apple-trees on change of рН of soil is specific and depends on adaptive possibilities of grafting components: varieties and stocks. At the stock M9 we can see the active growth of shoots and roots in the meaning of pH values from 5,1 (strong-acid reaction) to 7,3 (neutral). Plants MM106 prefer neutral (pH 7,3) and weak-alkaline (pH 8,3) soils. Independently from stocks for the variety Florina the most favorable weak-acid soils and the variety Prima – mainly neutral. The variety Renet Simirenko possesses enough high and stable functional activity in the conditions of wide range of the medium reaction: from very acid to alkaline one
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Description
Rendzina soils are very widespread in the Caucasus. Because of their ecological and genetic characteristics Rendzina has significant buffering capacity to chemical pollution. The object of investigation was calcareous leached soil. Location selection - Azishskaya ridge on the border of the Republic of Adygea and the Krasnodar region. As pollutants, we have selected Zn, Cd, Mo, Se, since soil contamination with these elements in the south of Russia is not uncommon. Contamination of zinc, cadmium, molybdenum and selenium causes deterioration in the biological properties of calcareous soils of the Western Caucasus. We have investigated the toxicity of the elements formed following series due to their influence on Rendzina soils: Zn> Se> Cd> = Mo. The study attempted to analyze the entire range of concentrations of the examined elements in the soil, currently occurring in nature. In most cases, all the investigated substances registered direct correlation between the concentration of the pollutant in the soil and the degree of reduction of biological indicators. The activity of catalase and dehydrogenase cellulolytic ability, plenty of bacteria of the genus Azotobacter, length of roots of radish can be used to monitor, diagnose and regulation of chemical pollution of soil Zn, Cd, Mo, Se
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DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS IN THE PHYTOMASS AND THE METHOD OF ITS DISPOSAL
DescriptionThe need for constant monitoring of the environmental situation due to the fact that at the present time almost all the ecosystems of our planet suffer in one way or another degradation under the influence of the anthropogenic factor. In the present work we summarize the results of 6 years of monitoring to determine heavy metals in the air. Industries and domestic waste and, in particular, road transport is the main source of pollution. The share of vehicles to air pollution in cities reaches 70-90%. The greatest danger to public health is compounds of lead, cadmium and mercury relate to 1 class of danger. We have studied the dynamics of accumulation of heavy metals and carbon monoxide in the atmosphere of Krasnodar on the streets with different intensity of car traffic. The data obtained indicate a significant excess compared to the control of the content of such metals as lead, iron, cadmium, and copper in all samples; chromium and zinc at three positions of the four. We pay due attention to the increase in the concentration of cadmium compared with data from previous years. It is established that the dynamics of accumulation of heavy metals in the atmosphere of the city is well correlated with population, the intensity of traffic and has a steady tendency to increase the content of these toxic substances. We have proposed a way of disposal of the biomass of fallen leaves by the method of their biological degradation under anaerobic conditions
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THE STEPPE RIVERS OF KUBAN, STATE OF THEIR BIOTA AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT
DescriptionThe steppe rivers of Kuban, which form their landscapes in the space between the basins of the rivers Don and Kuban, are divided into two subtypes: the rivers of internal flow which flow into the small ponds (Panura, Kirpili et al.), and the rivers of external flow which flow into the Sea of Azov (Eja, Beysug, Chelbas); direction of flow of these rivers is defined slightly downward from the high right bank of the Kuban (up to 50m) and the eastern slopes (altitude up to 50-170m) of Stavropol Upland; shores of rivers are heavily deforested, subjected to strong anthropogenic pressure and water systems contaminated of organic substances. Plowing of catchment areas to foreshore and plowing dry beams, as well as cutting of forests caused huge harm of river systems. The qualitative composition of microorganisms is not very varied. Polluted rivers and bottom sediments are dominated by saprotrophic microorganisms, spore-bearing and other rod-shaped bacteria. In the samples of sludge we marked high titer thiobacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria. Complex of actinomycetes was investigated. The species composition of vascular plants includes 135 species from 48 families, most numerous asteraceae, cereals and legumes. The dominant plant of many floodplains steppe rivers is common reed, which contributes to the process of silting soil particles from the fields and the destruction of the sod with overgrazing. Among phytocenoses there is a domination of reed grass-forb deposits on moist soils, mesophilic couch grass-forb and grass-forb xerophytic. In soil biota of floodplains it is dominated by oligochaetes, bottom fauna molluscs and oligochaetes, water - rotifers and cladocerans
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PROPERTIES OF FOREST SEED SAMARA, WITHOUT PTERYGOID APPENDAGES, LEGUMES AND WITHOUT PERICARP
DescriptionProperties of forest seeds are the basic and initial data for substantiate technology and technical means constructions, to separate the seeds from the samaras and extraction them from the legumes, and also to substantiate constructive, technological parameters and operating modes of seed-cleaning machines. So far, there are not enough full information about the technological and mechanical properties of forest seeds, this makes it difficult substantiation and developing new technologies and technical means, in particular, to separate the seeds from samaras hardwoods and extracting legumes from the leguminous trees. The article presents the results of studies of technological and mechanical properties of forest seeds with samara and without pterygoid appendages: Norway maple, ash and elm ordinary, as well as legumes: honey locust, white acacia, acacia yellow and pure seed. Were studied: weight of 1000 seeds, volume weight, mass and volume coefficients, angle of repose, the coefficient of static friction and the coefficient of dynamic friction of the various working surfaces, holding strength samaras to forest seeds and strength of legumes pods. The data obtained are used for substantiate technology and technical means constructions, to separate the seeds from the samaras and extraction them from the pericarp
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METHOD OF SKETCHES IN ARCHAEOGENETICS AND BREEDING OF AGRICULTURAL PLANTS
DescriptionThe issues associated with visualization images of the examined object and the method of sketches or visual notes have been discussed in the article. The images of lagenaria (bottle, shape pumpkins or gourds) in works of art and agrobotanic illustration as a research tool have been selected, with the aim to conduct a visual analysis of the morphological characteristics of bottle gourd for further application of the knowledge gained in archaeogenetics and plant breeding. The article presents images of plants of lagenaria for the period from 1311 to 2014 years. Visual analysis of the morphological characteristics of lagenaria on the basis of visual notes allowed us to identify several key points: the polymorphism of fruits and different duration of the vegetation period, particularly of the reproductive system, which is characterized by different proportions of male and female flowers, the presence of pollinators, night flowering, fruit pubescence on the first stages of development, polymorphism seeds, features maturation based on the size and weight of the fetus. Understanding the range of individual development allows the breeder to submit a complete selection issue, search for new signs will touch the ancient forms of the object, diseases, pests, images which have remained only on the pictures. In our opinion, the method of visual notes can be successfully used in the educational process because it stimulates creativity and cognitive activity of students to search for information about the studied object and its reflection
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Description
The article reports about the results of the new population of protected herb species studying in the Rostov region and in the Russian Federation - Cymbochasma borysthenica (Pall are given. ex Schlecht.) Klok. & Zoz (Orobanchaceae), registered in 2014 on the northern coast of Mius Liman in the Rostov-on-Don Region. The new habitat is located at considerable distance from the earlier known. The population area has about 200 sq. m, total number – more than 1000 uneven-age specimens of a seed and vegetative origin. Population consists of two cenopopulations one of which lives in community of transitional type from a timyannik to a stony steppe (association: Festuca valesiaca – Cleistogenes bulgarica – Cymbochasma borysthenica – Thymus dimorphus), another – as a part of the stony steppe (association: Festuca valesiaca + Agropyron pectinatum + Galatella villosa), created at the limestone shell rock exits. Cenopopulation in community of transitional type, despite the smaller area (50 sq. m), differs by more number and density. Both cenopopulations are similar in age ranges character and vitality of specimens. They belong to a normal type (capable to vegetative and seed self-maintenance) with a left-side age range that allows estimating them as rather stable, despite very limited area
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ИНИЦИАЦИЯ ПРОЭМБРИОГЕННЫХ КЛЕТОЧНЫХ СУСПЕНЗИЙ У ДЕВЯТИ МЕЖВИДОВЫХ ГИБРИДОВ ВИНОГРАДA
DescriptionЧерешки листьев, взятых из растений ин витро, девяти межвидовых гибридов винограда: подвоев Берландиери х Рипариа ‘Кобер 5ББ’, Рипариа х Рупестрис ‘101-14’ и сортов (cvs): 'Бианка', 'Зигфридребе', 'Подарок Магарача’, ‘Первенец Магарача’, ‘Цитронный Магарача’, ‘Интервитис Магарача’ и гибридной формы ‘Магарач 100-74-1-5' культивировали на твердой среде NN, содержащей различные концентрации 2,4-D и BА в различных сочетаниях. Для того, чтобы инициировать рост клеточных суспензий, проэмбриогенные каллусы пересаживали в жидкую среду NN, дополненную 1.0 мг/л 2,4-Д и 0,2 мг/л BА. Субкультивирование этих суспензий в жидкую среду NN, дополненную 2 мг/л NAA и 0,1 мг/л BА, привело к развитию агрегатов эмбриоидов, а пересадка в жидкую среду с 0,5 мг/л BА вызвала развитие единичных глобулярных и сердцевидных эмбриоидов. Проэмбриогенные клеточные суспензии, состоящие из преимущественно отдельных клеток, могут быть использованы в трансформации генов и селекции на клеточном уровне с целью уменьшения вероятности появления химерных растений