25.00.00 Sciences about Earth
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HOW TO ESTIMATE THE ACCURACY OF DETERMINING THE COORDINATES IN THE APPROACH OF HANSEN
DescriptionRecently, there have been satellite-based methods widely used to determine the coordinates of points, which allow, without mutual visibility between points, to pursue their coordinates. However, in some cases, for example in forests, in urban buildings the application of these methods becomes a problem and it is easier to apply traditional methods. The article describes the case of using the method of calculation of coordinates for "the approach of Hansen" and held to evaluate the accuracy of determining the coordinates of the points. Some studies provide only recommendation guidelines that the most accurate results are obtained when the shape of the building is shaped similar to a square. In our case, on the basis of obtained formulae we had an analysis of the influence of the length of the corresponding base, and its distance from the source side on the accuracy of determination of coordinates of the original points. The conclusion is that the accuracy of determination of coordinates of required points depends on the ratio of the length of the original basis and the baseline. The optimal can be considered the distance equal to 0.3-0.6 of the length of the baseline. The holding data in the study can successfully be used for the drafting of geodetic reference polygonometries moves and thickening of networks
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Description
The article focuses on the unique nature of the CBD and the North Caucasus, and to existing problems. It was noted that many areas of protected and recreational areas are eroded and disturbed by human activities and environmental tourism in the regions is not developed. We have made a justification for the establishment of eco-tourism, the key objectives and tasks. On the example of Kabardino-Balkaria, there was set scientific and technological rationale of the organization of the centers of ecological tourism in the regions. The article shows a comparative analysis about the developing ecological tourism in Europe as an active form of recreation. Unlike European counterparts, in our project we have a strong emphasis on the popularization and implementation of environmental technologies for the protection and improvement of springs, hiking trails and recreation areas for tourists. You can find descriptions of the most interesting and amazing natural monuments, and recreation areas divided in ecological routes and areas of the CBD. The mountain zones of the CBD are mainly located in four valleys: in the Baksan, Cherek, Chehem and Malka, where these amazing natural monuments and landscapes are. The authors conducted a field research work for the study of the unique natural sites in all environmental routes and areas of the CBD. In conclusion, it is noted that in our region there is great potential for organization of ecological tourism and all these beautiful natural conditions are the basis for this. The development of ecological tourism will further attract more than 10 thousand tourists who are interested in nature in Kabardino-Balkaria and environmental issues in the region
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RURAL (AGRARIAN) TOURISM: RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS AND MODERN DEVELOPMENT IN THE KRASNODAR REGION
DescriptionMany scientists suppose that rural tourism as a kind of tourism industry in Russia has not got long history. But we can see its manifestations at different stages of tourism development, which are described in the given article. In different historical periods, rural tourism had its own forms, modifications and kinds of activity. That is why we can say that agrarian tourism took place in pre-Soviet and Soviet periods too. Besides, we still have troubles with theoretic aspects of rural tourism. Today science society invents a determination of rural (agrarian) tourism, creates classifications of this and so forth. Nowadays rural tourism is a polyfunctional phenomenon. That is why we should explore it in more details. The Krasnodar region has a lot of recourses which allows us to develop many kinds of tourism, including agrarian on its territory. Existing legal environment creates attractive investment climate and helps to develop rural tourism in the Krasnodar region successfully
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THE COORDINATES OF THE POINTS BACKWARDS THE ANGULAR NOTCH
DescriptionEven with the modern development of geodetic techniques to abandon traditional ways a condensation of planned networks is not possible. Therefore, the article describes the case of determination of coordinates of points using backwards the angular notch and the accuracy of their determination. In the classical methods of solving the backwards the angular notch are calculated coefficients, and get the coordinates of the designated point. The authors propose to use auxiliary angles that will reduce the amount of calculation. In addition, the article gives examples of solutions to well-known formulas of Gauss and through the calculation of direct geodetic purpose
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THE ISSUES OF EQUALIZATION OF GEODETIC CHAIN OF QUADRANGLES
DescriptionThe article examines the development of a planned study on the clearings and roads in built-up and forested areas, as well as for building networks. Most often, it is recommended to use the method without diagonal quadrangles, where in each figure measured all four corners and the length of one of the parties, and in the first and last rectangles – four corners and two sides. The length of the other sides is obtained by computing, previously having leveraged the angles in the quadrilaterals. The disadvantage of this method is the adjustment of such circuits in a simplified manner, namely: the distribution of residuals arising in the augmentation of coordinates fx and fy equally to all augmentation. The article proposes formulas of Gauss for direct angular notches to make the conditional equation of directional angles, deciding which method of least squares, find the amendments to the measured directional angles. Introducing these amendments, I get the coordinates of the desired points of successive angular intersection. As it may be seen from preliminary calculations, the errors resulting from the use of differential corrections in the coordinates are very small and may not have a significant influence on the measurement result
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APPLICATION OF CLIMATIC INDICES FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN TOURIST ATTRACTIVENESS
DescriptionIn the article we consider the results of the study of climatic attractiveness of the South of Russia from the point of view of tourism development. Formal definition of attractiveness was reached by using a wide spread concept of climatic indices. Any climatic index is calculated by a set of medical and biological characteristics. The latter are defined on the basis of human physiology. Indices, which are used for evaluation of attractiveness of one or another region from the point of view of recreation and tourism, have certain peculiarities. Very often they are calculated using poorly formalized and arguable indications like psychological feeling of meteorological characteristics and even aesthetic perception. Taking into account above mentioned experience we have suggested a new approach for evaluation of climatic tourist indices basing on initial (standard 3 hour discretion) meteorological observations with maximum possible exclusion from a calculation scheme all subjective parameters. Our approach is based on a well-known method of Mieczkowski [4]. The method was developed more than 30 ears ago and is still widely applied. Our method allows objectively evaluate nonsmoothed index values because it takes into account combinations of meteorological characteristics with maximum available discretion during the day. A method demonstrated its capability for evaluation of regional variations in tourist attractiveness. We analyzed 40–year dynamics of attractiveness in the region being in the focus of the study
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Description
Prospects of development of oil-extracting branch of the Krasnodar region are connected with continuation of prospecting works and search drilling in a zone of transit of the Kuban River and water areas of the Black and Azov seas. In the existing normative documents about technical researches we didn't find reflection of the rule of works on platforms of capital construction of wells on the earth and in transitional conditions. The technique of studying of engineering-geological features of territories of oil and gas fields is offered. Regional and zone factors of engineering-geological conditions of oil and gas fields are established. Engineering-geological structures are allocated. Additional types of technical researches are defined
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MAKING OF CARTOGRAPHIC MODELS FOR CLIMATIC BACKGROUND OF MAYMA RIVER BASIN
DescriptionThe article is devoted to the study of the spatial distribution of air temperature, precipitation and their ratio in the form of moisturizing factor of the Mayma river basin. Calculations of the vertical and horizontal gradients are hold. Cartographic models of the distribution basic climatic indices are also constructed
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STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMIC ACID SOILS OF THE KRASNODAR REGION
DescriptionThe structural and functional properties of humic acids of different types of poorly studied soils of the Krasnodar Region: ordinary black soil or chernozem (carbonated), meadowish chernozem and gray forest soils are investigated. We define the type of humus of the soil samples studied as fulvate-humate. Using traditional indicators of humus soil conditions the regularities of soil and ecological processes involving organic matter in soils under natural and anthropogenically factorial changes in the monitoring sites are revealed. The relationship of the optical properties of humic acids with the intensity of the processes of transformation of humic substances by increasing the depth of the soil sample is shown. By NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and spectrophotometry in the visible spectrum differences and similarities in the structure of macromolecules of humic acids in soil samples. In terms of soil contamination with oil in a field experiment, on the monitoring site we have set a trend towards to redistribution in the ratio of functional groups of humic acid macromolecules: the proportion of aliphatic fragments increases. We have revealed an increase in the share of the mobile fraction of humic substances in terms of oil pollution. The article has the most suitable justification for these processes. The results can be used for prediction the environmental state of the soil under anthropogenic pollution
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CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA: TENDENCIES AND POSSIBILITIES FOR PREDICTION
DescriptionWhat we have analyzed in the article is the spatial structure of the surface air temperature and precipitation amount fields in the Black Sea Region. Spatial correlation method is applied to reveal teleconnections between surface air temperature and precipitation measured at the meteorological stations of the region from one hand and globally averaged surface air temperature and atmospheric circulation indecies from the other hand. Atmospheric circulation indecies – North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Oscillation «North Sea – Northern Caspian Sea» (NCP) – determine to a great extent regional temperature and precipitation regime. The goal of the current research is to establish probable causes and mechanisms influencing regional climatic variations and examining of possible connections of the latter with the global climate change. It is demonstrated that relations between air temperature and precipitation at particular stations in the region and global temperature are weak and ambigous. At the same time, temperature and precipitation regimes are affected by changes of phases of NAO and NCP. It means that global warming has no direct effect on the regional climate. More probably, global warming influences the regional climate through the changes in the atmospheric circulation pattern in the particular region