06.01.01 General agriculture, crop production (agricultural sciences)
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06.01.01 General agriculture, crop production (agricultural sciences)
DescriptionThe article presents data from 3-year observations of the weather conditions influence on the effectiveness of applied fertilizers in the crops of the Yantar variety of coriander on leached black soil (chernozem) under the conditions of land use at the training and experimental station of the Stavropol State Agrarian University. The materials presented in the article indicate that the agrometeorological conditions of 2016 and 2017 as a whole were most favorable for the formation of a coriander crop. As studies have shown, the amount of precipitation during the spring-summer period of the growing season of the crop was 337 mm, which is 11% higher than the long-term average. The year 2018 in terms of climatic indicators turned out to be significantly worse than the previous two years, the amount of precipitation during the coriander vegetation period turned out to be 125 mm or 58% lower than the long-term average, which significantly affected the crop yield this year. In the most optimal agroclimatic indicators in 2016, the maximum increase in crop productivity was noted on the N60P60K60 variant - 0.49 t / ha, on the same option in moistened 2017, the increase level was 0.39 t / ha. Last year2018 was marked as extremely arid, the maximum increase in coriander yield was noted on the option with P60 and amounted to 0.35 t / ha. It was established that the maximum increase in the yield of coriander oil seeds on average in the experiment on leached chernozem was achieved with the options: P60 is 0.37 t / ha, N60P60 is 0.41 t / ha, N60P60K60 is 0.34 t / ha, which significantly higher than other fertilized experience options. The economic efficiency of the coriander seeds production, depending on the types and combinations of minerals, turned out to be most effective when applying a single mineral fertilizer, P60, compared with other options for experience, an increase in profit to 17500 rubles and the level of profitability of production by 23%
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06.01.01 General agriculture, crop production (agricultural sciences)
DescriptionThe problems of automated control of the technological processes of crop production and the tasks of supporting the adoption of managerial decisions at each stage of the production cycle have become even more urgent in view of the processes of transformation, globalization and digitalization of the economy, which have recently become widespread. The agricultural sector of the economy of the Russian Federation is no exception, because agricultural products, especially crop production, are of strategic importance and are the basis of food security in our country. In this scientific project, the problems of agricultural enterprises of the Krasnodar region, in particular, in the field of management processes, its information and software, were investigated. At this stage, it was determined that the measures taken to increase labor productivity at the agricultural enterprises of the Krasnodar region and the automation of technological processes in crop production were not complex, therefore, they had a slight effect on the efficiency of the industry. Studying the IT services and software market made it possible to draw a well-founded conclusion that decision-making support processes in crop management, especially issues related to the justified choice of crop cultivation technology, rationalization of a crop rotation system, analysis of a history book of crop rotation fields, calculation of dosages of organic fertilizers for a deficit-free balance of humus, are not covered by the funds of software systems offered on the market. As a result, the demand for industrial analytical systems and, in particular, integrated automation systems for managing crop production processes for agricultural enterprises is forming in the software market. Therefore, the development and implementation of a computer decision support system for managing crop production processes, based on mathematical models for analyzing and evaluating the economic efficiency of crop cultivation technologies, crop rotation rationalization models, data analysis models for crop rotation field history books, models of optimal selection of crop protection products plants and fertilizers has become very relevant. These studies can be considered priority and highly demanded, as they are directly related to one of the fundamental directions of the modern development of agricultural production - the study of the problems of development and implementation of an integrated automated information system for crop management. The article is devoted to the theoretical justification and feasibility of the practical implementation of the software module for accounting and analysis of data from the e-book of the history of crop rotation fields, which is part of the developed automated crop management information system
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06.01.01 General agriculture, crop production (agricultural sciences)
DescriptionThese studies are devoted to determining the characteristics of changes in some physiological and biochemical parameters of sweet cherry plants that arise under the influence of the main damaging factor of the spring period - frost and associated with the resistance of the plant organism to the action of stressor. The studies were carried out in 2012 and adjacent 2018-2019 in the fruiting plantations of cherries of the Kuban zone located on horticultural soils: leached chernozem and alluvial meadow. We studied sweet cherry varieties of different resistance to frost. Samples for analysis were selected according to the background of naturally prevailing positive air temperatures. The plant material was frozen in the Binder climate chamber KB 53 for 4 hours at a temperature of 2.5 ± 0.2 ° C. According to the results of the experiment, sweet cherry plants that differ in early flowering are more susceptible to the temperature stressor in the spring in comparison with late flowering plant organisms. Meanwhile, the resistance of plants to frost depends not so much on the date of differentiation of the generative buds, but on the efficiency of the physiological and biochemical activation mechanisms under the influence of an unfavorable synthesis factor in the flowers of indolylacetic acid, which is responsible for the efficiency of the onset of fruit formation, and ultimately a more complete implementation potential productivity. An important indicator of the stability of a plant organism is the degree of change in the content of this phytohormone
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ALGOLOGICAL MONITORING OF VARIOUS TECHNOLOGIES OF MAIZE CROPS PRODUCTION
06.01.01 General agriculture, crop production (agricultural sciences)
DescriptionThe article studies species composition and abundance of soil algae under hybrid Krasnodar 292 AMB cultivated with various technologies. 7 species of cyanobacteria and 11 soil algae were revealed. It was revealed that the highest total amount of algae was observed in variants of environmentally acceptable and intensive technology, which is associated with the positive effect of mineral fertilizers and the consequent application of organic matter on soil algal flora. However, in these variants a decrease was observed both in the number of species and in the abundance of green and yellow-green algae. The species Botrydiopsis arhiza Borzi was absent or found in insignificant amounts. The species composition was less diverse, which can be attributed to the negative effect of the herbicide used in these technologies. The method of tillage had practically no effect on green, yellow-green and diatoms. An increase in the intensity of soil cultivation had a significant negative effect on both the species composition and the number of cyanobacteria
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06.01.01 General agriculture, crop production (agricultural sciences)
DescriptionIn the experiment, the effect of the use of an intelligent spreader on increasing the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers used to feed winter wheat in ordinary chernozem was studied. The studies were carried out in the production conditions of land use by AO SHP Kolos in the Kochubeyevsky district. In this article, we examined the effect of a sprayer (Amazone UG 3000 Nova) and an intelligent mineral fertilizer spreader (Amazon ZA - TS - 4200) using touch sensors to determine the NDVI development index on the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizing winter wheat. Based on the experiments, it was found that, on average, over the two years of the study, the largest increase in the yield of winter wheat grains was noted in the variant with the introduction of ammonia nitrate in the first and second fertilizers using the intelligent fertilizer spreader Amazon ZA - TS - 4200 according to the NDVI - 6.53 t / ha. The highest structural indices of winter wheat grain yield were also noted in the variant with the introduction of ammonium nitrate in the first and second fertilizers using the Amazon ZA - TS - 4200 intelligent fertilizer spreader according to the NDVI index. So, the height of plants increased by 16.3 cm, the number of productive stems per 1 m2 by 37 pcs. The number of grains in the ear - by 5 pcs., The weight of 1000 grains - 0.8 g. According to the results of the experiments, it was established that in the conditions of land use by JSC "Agricultural Enterprise" Kolos "of the Kochubeyevsky District of the Stavropol Territory when planning the harvest of winter wheat - 6.5 tons / ha, it is advisable to use in the first and second top dressing of ammonium nitrate with a dose of 150 kg / ha, using the Amazon ZA - TS - 4200 intelligent fertilizer spreader according to the NDVI index
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06.01.01 General agriculture, crop production (agricultural sciences)
DescriptionIn the production of seeds of sugar beet hybrids, based on cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), we use single-fruited male sterile (MS) and ungrown fertile pollinator (Fp) plants as components of the cross. Sugar beet has a two-year development cycle. In the first year, root crops intended for growing seeds are formed, in the second year, a rosette of leaves grows from the vegetative roots of the root crop, and flowering stems grow from the generative buds. The article presents the planting method for seed production of MS of sugar beet hybrids under irrigation during summer thickened sowing. This method allows you to grow root crops-plugs with a yield factor of planting material 1: 6, 1: 7. We have also considered technological methods for growing root crops-plugs of the parent components of MS sugar beet hybrids on irrigation. The features of moisture supply and mineral nutrition systems were studied. The techniques of sowing technology and the formation of density of planting, care of crops, as well as methods for the protection, harvesting and storage of mother beets, contributing to the production of high-quality planting material, have been developed
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SEARCHING FOR NATURAL ANTIMICOTICS EFFECTIVE AGAINST PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI
06.01.01 General agriculture, crop production (agricultural sciences)
DescriptionProgress in crop production depends on many factors; including the important measure is the protection from pathogenic microorganisms. Various chemicals are used to control phytopathogens, such as natural and artificially synthesized ones. Natural compounds are more environmentally friendly, in most cases less toxic and quickly destroyed. The purpose of this work was to find strains of actinobacteria that have antifungal activity and are considered by us as possible sources of antifungal compounds for agricultural purposes. We selected 10 strains of actinobacteria that were isolated from typical regions of Russia. These strains were active against the fungal test strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae RIA 259 and Aspergillus niger INA 00760 when deep cultured. To determine the activity of selected actinobacteria against phytopathogenic fungi, 6 strains isolated from affected plants were used as tests. Morphological and genetic analysis methods have shown that the selected actinobacteria strains belong to two genera and are represented by the following species: Nocardia soli, Streptomyces antibioticus, S. bottropensis, S. chartreusis, S. chromofuscus, S. hydrogenans (2 isolates), S. lusitanus, S. netropsis, S. peucetius. Phytopathogenic fungi are represented by the following species: Fusarium armeniacum (2 isolates), Fusarium culmorum, Alternaria tenuissima (2 isolates), Bipolaris sorokiniana. As a result, it was found that under conditions of submerged cultivation on nutrient media, actibacteria form substances that inhibit the growth of all phytopathogenic tests used in the experiment. The representatives of species N. soli INA 01217, S.chromofuscus INA 01211, S. lusitanus INA 01218, S. netropsis INA 01190 and S. peucetius INA 01255 have not been described as having antifungal activity previously, so we consider them to be the most promising for chemical research to identify new antifungal antibiotics
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APPLE ROSETTE DISEASE IN NORTH CAUCASUS PLANTATIONS
06.01.01 General agriculture, crop production (agricultural sciences)
DescriptionThe article presents the results of a study of the apple tree rosette disease found in a collection garden and having a viral nature. The rosetting has typical signs of manifestation. Sick plants develop narrow small chlorotic leaves. Rosettes of leaves on the upper cervical and lateral shoots are formed as a result of the convergence of internodes. The spread of the rosetting in the planting reaches 10-11 %. The prevalence of viral disease varies among the 44 varieties of apple trees of different ecological and geographical origin. So, the lesion of rosetting was noted on single trees in the varieties of Gala Redi Red, Fujiko, Red Free, etc., and it was a complete defeat in the variety of Piros. A different degree of the manifestation of the disease on the trees was established: from partial manifestation on individual shoots, to aggressive damage to the entire crown of the tree. On young trees bearing fruiting (3-4 years from planting), the rosetting reduces the yield of apple trees by 36 %, ¼ part of the fruits on the trees are small in size compared to the fruits of healthy trees. The infectious nature of the rosetting is confirmed by the transfer of the disease on the most affected Piros variety using summer budding
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BIOTECHNOLOGY OF IMPROVEMENT AND PRESERVATION OF NATIVE DON GRAPE VARIETIES
06.01.01 General agriculture, crop production (agricultural sciences)
DescriptionThe article presents the results of microclonal reproduction and recovery of native grape varieties, the creation of basic nursery. In addition to the culture of apical meristems, we have developed a chemotherapy using salicylic acid. A method of decontamination of plants from mycoplasma infection has also been developed, which includes the introduction of the antibiotic Cefotaxim in the nutrient environment at a concentration of 50 to 450 mg/L, depending on the degree of infection of plants. Adding to the nutrient medium of the drug Emistim reduces the death of meristems from infection by 3-5 times, improves their differentiation. The use of the drug Melafen helps to improve morphogenesis and quality characteristics of plants. The high survival rate of meristems during adaptation to non-sterile conditions has been noted. Biological testing on herbaceous indicators showed no chronic diseases. Plants after adapting to non-sterile conditions are planted, in the form of vegetative seedlings with a closed rootsystem, on the basic nursery. The survival rate of plants was 70-80%, in some varieties it is higher: 96.4% (Sypun black) - 98.6% (Krestovsky). It has been proved that in vitro clonal microbreeding there is no change at the genetic level even after 8 years of cultivation, which confirms the reliability of the developed technology of reproduction and recovery of native grape varieties in vitro
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BIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SOME EASTERN ASIAN PLANTS UNDER INTRODUCTION IN THE SOUTH OF PRIMORSKY KRAI
06.01.01 General agriculture, crop production (agricultural sciences)
DescriptionThe article summarizes the results of long-term cultivation of east-asian plants in the arboretum of the Gornotayezhnaya Station of the FEB RAS. For the most resistant and decorative species we have indicated: degree of winter resistance, shoot formation and perspective group. Regeneration of the vegetative mass in introduced trees and shrubs after severe damage by low temperatures depends on the spawning capacity of plants. In each species, the degree of shoot formation is its biological feature and can vary greatly in different plant species. The most east-asian species have a high or medium degree of shoot formation, good indicators of winter resistance and of generative development (bloom, fruiting). The tested east-asian species of plants are characterized by high adaptive potential, which makes it possible to recommend them to a wide culture in the southern Primorye. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the introduction stability of east-asian plants in the conditions of the southern Primorye. Тhe method of the integral assessment of the viability and perspective of introduction on the basis of visual observations, developed in the department of dendrology of the GBS, P.I. Lapin and S.V. Sidneva, was used to determine the perspective groups of the introduced species