№ 106(2), February, 2015
Public date: 28.02.2015
Archive of journal: Articles count 78, 173 kb
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06.00.00 Agricultural sciences
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF SEED SELECTION NOWADAYS
06.00.00 Agricultural sciences
DescriptionThe article presents the author’s insight into the theoretical foundations of plant breeding for self-pollinators and cross-pollinators. From the author’s point of view, plant breeding techniques depend on a type of pollination, population propagation and isolation from other variety pollen. Adaptive properties of crops are described as ones depending on a genetic type (genetically pure lines, populations, hybrids, pure varieties and clones). The key role of seeds in preserving a plant variety, or a cultivar, is emphasized. In the article, cultivar and yield qualities of seeds are characterized. The reasons for seed deterioration and yield decrease have been looked into. Improvement of main crops such as wheat, barley, rye, rice, soybeans, maize, triticale, sunflowers, potatoes, sugar beets is characterized in detail. The author shares the traditional point of view on the seed breeding program. It includes following steps: development phase (breeder’s seed), maintenance phase (in which a quantity of seed is maintained under high standards) and the distribution phase (production of commercial seed for distribution to the public). The difference between primary and secondary seed selection is explained. The best periods for crop rotation and crop renovation are also described. The legally enforceable standards of quality and genetic purity for different crops are presented in the article. It is pointed out that it is vital to maintain high cultivar qualities after multiplication and distribution of the new variety. Only large-scale pedigree system for seed production promotes it
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STATISTICAL STUDY ON WORLD PRODUCTION OF BARLEY GRAIN
06.00.00 Agricultural sciences
DescriptionThe article presents an analysis of the statistical data on use of barley in the world agriculture. The dynamics of changes in acreage under crop has been studied over the past decade in the global community. The structure of indicators in barley’s area was reduced and the main regions of production have been described. As the world as some countries barley productivity was studied. The article presents the data on world production of barley for lust four years. The structure of production of the main producing counties for 2014 is presented graphically. On the basis of the material revealed, more than half of the total harvest of barley in the world has been produced by three regions: The European Union, the Russian Federation and Canada. The article presents a comparative analysis in the above productivity of barley by the world leaders in the production of this crop. A direct influence of environmental factors on final grain yield has noted. Also the issue of national economic importance of culture has been revealed. We have noted the areas of the culture use such as food, brewing industry, as well as livestock (as it is known, barley is one of the most valuable forage crops)
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CONDITION OF BARLEY PRODUCTION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
06.00.00 Agricultural sciences
DescriptionThe article presents an overview and in-depth analysis in the area of barley grain production. The statistical data and comparative analysis of total yield of barley in the Russian Federation with respect to other cultures, widely cultivated in our country, such as sunflowers, oats and wheat has been presented. The structure of sown areas occupied by the culture of barley in the Russian Federation for the period from 1990 to 2013 has been presented graphically; we have analyzed the trend of their increases and decreases over the years. The article presents and visually shows a comparative analysis of crops like winter and spring barley. At the same time, due to a significant warming, distinct advantages of winter crops to spring crops in the cultivation of them in the southern regions of the country have been noted. The recommendations on the feasibility of increasing the cultivated area were made. Indicated by the national economic significance of culture, we show the examples of its use in industrial processing. In addition, long-term analysis of statistical data on the yield of major crops grown in the Russian Federation, such as wheat, barley, maize, millet, oats, rice, legumes, sunflower, soybean has been performed
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06.00.00 Agricultural sciences
DescriptionThe article reveals issues concerning the experiments on application of complex water-soluble fertilizer and straw mulching of row-spacing in sweet corn hybrid named Krasnodarskiy 280 CV growing management and the yield of milky ripeness. We have discovered that straw mulching in combination with complex water-soluble fertilizer named Vermisol used in 5-6 leaves, reduced evaporation and tended to moisture accumulation in soil what increased yield of ears for 0,6-1,7 t/ha. The lowest water-absorbing capacity in root-inhabited layer of soil (0-0,6 m) were 28,5 % from dry weight of soil in years of experiment. Registration of sum of precipitations in critical for corn period (in third decade of June and first decade of July) was in tolerable level. The best conditions of precipitation were in 2013, when in June and July the sum was 143 mm, and humidity of the air was in optimum level – 70 %. The temperature of the soil in 0-0,1 m layer in the day of mulching was the same as in the layer 0-0,05 m, tin increase for 5 0C in variants without mulching. The lower amplitude of temperature of the soil in vegetation period since the phase of 10-11 leaves had good influence for yield of milk maturity ears
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06.00.00 Agricultural sciences
DescriptionThe article contains the results of the study of mechanical composition of grapes and biochemical characteristics of white wine grapes for the production of juice of direct extraction and blending. Thus, the yield of studied grapes ranged from 7.5 to 13.2 t / ha: highest yielding varieties and hybrids of Pervenets Magaracha and Tsitronnyy Magaracha, and the lowest - Chardonnay and Pinot blanc. At an average weight of clusters of varieties were divided into three groups - large clusters (230-243 g) in varieties Pervenets Magaracha and Tsitronnyy Magaracha, medium (181-184 g) - the varieties Chardonnay and Pinot blanc, small (112-116 g) - the varieties Bianca and Viorica. By weight of the 100 berries were divided into four groups - Bianca and Viorica (I), Pervenets Magaracha (II), Chardonnay (III), Pinot blanc and Tsitronnyy Magaracha (IV). Weight of 100 seeds from the largest varieties Pinot blanc and Bianca, and the lowest - in the varieties of Tsitronnyy Magaracha and Chardonnay. The solids content in the juices of these varieties ranged from 19.4 to 21.8%, which corresponded to branded products and higher of commodity varieties. Mass concentration of sugars ranged from 18.4 to 21.3 g / 100 cm3. Titratable acid content in the juice was varied from 0.65 to 0.78 g / 100 cm3. Sugar-acid ratio, defined as the ratio of concentration of sugars and titratable acids ranged from 23.6 to 30. The recommended values for this indicator were within 22-30. According to the results of the tasting, we rated "excellent" the juices from the varieties of Tsitronnyy Magaracha, Viorica (19 points) and Bianca (17 points); "good" marks were given to the juices from Pinot blanc, Chardonnay, Pervenets Magaracha: this means that we can get juices of excellent quality from the grape varieties under study with the title of ampelographic variety; in addition, the juice of the grape of varieties Chardonnay, Pinot blanc, Bianca, Pervenets Magaracha due to their potassium content will be functional to improve the cardiovascular system. On the basis of the tasting we have conducted mixing of the juices from the varieties of Viorica and citron Magaracha with other juice varieties 50:50 and 70:30. Sensory evaluation showed that blending juices from the varieties of Viorika and citron juice Tsitronnyy Magaracha other varieties improves product quality and 50:50 increases by one the total score, and 70:30 - two units. Blend of the varieties of Viorica and Tsitronnyy Magaracha does not increase the total score, but gives the product a special flavor and aroma. Hence, using the grape varieties under study we can produce varietal juices with the name of their ampelographic type and blended juices to extend the assortment
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06.00.00 Agricultural sciences
DescriptionIn January 2015, at the Vineyard and ZAO "Pobeda" in Temryuk District of the Krasnodar region, the thermometer dropped to minus 21,6 C, which resulted in significant damage to the central wintering buds. The article presents a method of determining the degree of damage of wintering buds. Based on the results of inspection of variety by sections divided into 3 groups. Group 1: saved between 40 and 72% central. This group includes the following 7 varieties : Pervenets Magaracha (uch. 64) Gibernal (uch. 74/3), Viorica (uch. 77), Riton (uch. 66), Riesling (uch. 82), Traminer (uch. 73/2), Chardonnay (uch. 73/3). Cutting of bushes should be carried out by the usual way. The task of cutting - compensate the loss of crops due to leaving the greater load. Group 2: Central buds was damaged nearly 70-85%, saved from 20 to 35% of replacement buds. This group includes Merlot (uch. 83), Tsitronyy Magaracha (uch. 69), Augustine (uch. 66), Saperavi (uch. 79), Chardonnay (uch. 74/1), Muscat white (uch. 73) Cabernet Sauvignon (uch. 80). During cutting should be left as much as possible of annual shoots and well-developed secondary shoots. Group 3: damaged more than 85% of central buds, replacement buds significantly damaged . To this group assigned Saperavi (uch. 80), Pinot blanc (uch. 74), Merlot (uch. 80/2), Moldova (uch. 70), Chardonnay (uch. 68), Moldova (uch. 22) Kaberne- Sauvignon (uch. 68), Moldova (uch. 38), Arkadia (uch. 78), Tsimlyansky black (uch. 68). Pre-cutting consists in removing all clearly dead and unusable parts of the bush (dried vines, stumps, annual shoots) that will accelerate the development of shoots from the angular buds and resting buds. Considering the high plasticity of grape plants, can not only in accelerated way to restore the crown of bushes damaged by frost, but also get a crop in the current year, using special methods of agricultural technology
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APPLICATION OF ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENHANCING OF IN-HEAVE MICROCLIMATE
DescriptionOne of the integrative indicators of over-all performance estimation is profitability of the production. It is possible to increase competitiveness of beekeeping production as well as national food security via implementation of efficient electrical technologies. Enhancing of microclimate parameters in hives allows us to enhance the intensity of spring development of bees. The counting of integrate heat losses in heaves with ozone treatment and without the one was carried out. Using the obtained results and graphs we can develop the automation system for in-heave microclimate control. The article presents the graphs of heat losses in a beehive on the outdoor temperature and relative humidity, which were obtained experimental. It is proved that when the outdoor temperature from -15 to 8 ° C and the change in ambient air humidity of 60 to 100% heat loss beehive decrease from 4-5 W to 0.2-0.4 W. It is concluded that treatment of bees by ozone, while reducing the concentration of pathogenic microorganisms, will reduce the energy loss by reducing the air exchange, i.e. improve conditions for the development of the bee colony
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A COMPUTER MODEL OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF AIR-FUEL MIXTURE EMERGENCY EXPLOSIONS
DescriptionIn this article the basic principles of air-fuel mixture explosions and striking factors, such as air-striking wave, gas streams, splinters, flame heat, light radiation and sharp sounds are observed. The calculation technique of the emergency emission consequences which is for a quantitative estimation of air-striking wave parameters at air-fuel mixture explosions forming in the atmosphere at industrial failures is given. The basic structural elements of calculation algorithm are listed. It is supposed partial depressurization or full destruction of the equipment containing combustible substance in a gaseous or liquid phase, the emission of this substance in the atmosphere, the air-fuel mixture cloud formation, the air-fuel mixture initiation (ignition) and the explosive transformation (deflagration or detonation) in the air-fuel mixture cloud. The technique allows making the approached estimation of air-striking wave various parameters and defining the probable degrees of men defeat and building damage at failures with air-fuel mixture cloud explosions. The given technique is developed in C# language in the integrated environment of software Microsoft VisualStudio 2010 working out. The program fragment in which the calculation of dimensionless Px pressure and dimensionless Ix impulse is given
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Description
In the article on example of the Department of basements and foundations of Kuban State Agrarian University (KubSAU), we have discussed issues of preparation of final qualifying works for bachelors and masters in “Construction” specialty. The final qualifying work (the diploma project) is performed by bachelor at the final stage of study. Final stage (diploma designing) provides individual work of undergraduate students on solving tasks under the guidance of experienced teachers and leading construction industry professionals invited to lead to the degree designing. The general organization of bachelors’ diploma projects entrusted to the Deanery of Faculty of Civil Engineering and graduate departments. Topics of diploma projects are defined by graduating department after passing the Bachelor pre-degree practice. The article gives examples of the diploma projects in the Department of basements and foundations, as well as it shows the composition of the department that prepare bachelors, the procedure for appointing the heads and consultants. Separately, the article describes the organization of the preparation of master’s dissertations for post-graduate students who study at the Department of basements and foundations. Education of masters is conducted on two master programs: "Maintenance and reconstruction of buildings and structures", "Theory and Design of Buildings and Structures". For performing master's dissertation research a supervisor has to be selected from among the doctors and candidates of sciences. The article presents the main directions of masters’ dissertations, their exemplary topics, as well as performs stages, terms and procedure of public protection
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Description
The main indicators of efficiency of a cultivation machine are the following: productiveness and fuel consumption, which depend on complexity of work, operating depth and structure of the machine (type of the tractor and plough). The optimal structure of cultivation aggregate for the needs of each exact farm is complicated to do due to different determined and stochastic factors. In this case, Monte Carlo imitation modeling is proposed to use. As a result of models’ analysis, it is defined that all aggregates could be divided onto 4 groups of efficiency. Curves demonstrating dependence of fuel costs, compensation of losses caused by breakdown of agricultural terms and soil compaction caused by quantity of aggregates are built. After integration of the whole amount of aggregates into a common traditional technology of cultivation and after selection of its characteristics (quantity of aggregates, general fuel costs and losses costs, including fuel costs) it was proposed to split it onto 3 category modes: hard (according to technological mode – 2 or 5 shifts), normal (4-10 shifts), mild (6-15 shifts). The obtained models can be successfully applied in software of on-board computers in tractors and PCs of the engineers as well. Dynamical models for other technological processes in plant breeding could be obtained in the same way. All developed models allow us to make one more step towards precision farming and reduce costs for manufacture of end products