№ 159(5), May, 2020
Public date: 29.05.2020
Archive of journal: Articles count 23, 89 kb
-
FEATURES OF LINEAR GROWTH OF HOLSTEIN HEIFERS OF DIFFERENT LINES
DescriptionThe article presents the results of studying the growth and development of repair heifers of Holstein cattle belonging to the lines Vis Back Ideal and Reflection Sovering. The feeding and maintenance conditions in both groups were the same. In accordance with the generally accepted scheme of drinking during the milk period, the heifers received 180 kg of whole milk and 400 kg of its substitution. Starting from the age of 10-15 days, the heifers were grouped into groups of 15 heads each. The live weight and average daily increments of test heifers varied differently. Linear growth and average daily gains in the experimental group were higher than in the control group. Studies have found that heifers from the experimental group in all the studied periods were superior to heifers from the control group and for the entire period, the average daily increase was 16.5 g more. The average daily increments were at the level of 747.5 and 764.0 g, the live weight by the age of the first insemination was 373.5 kg in the control group and 381.8 kg in the experimental group. Linear indicators have significant differences in height at the withers at the age of 1 insemination; depth of chest behind shoulders in 6-month age and at 1-tion insemination; oblique body length (tape) in the age of the 1st insemination; the chest girth at 12 months of age and at 1-tion insemination. The results of the study show that the cultivation of repair heifers of the Vis Back Idial and Reflection Sovering lines of the Holstein breed further contributes to an increase in the growth of dairy productivity in farms and an increase in gross milk production
-
BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR DATA ANALYSIS METHODS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF CLASSIFICATION TASKS)
08.00.13 Mathematical and instrumental methods of Economics
DescriptionThere is a need to clean up the classification methods. This will increase their role in solving applied problems, in particular, in the diagnosis of materials. For this, first of all, it is necessary to develop requirements that classification methods must satisfy. The initial formulation of such requirements is the main content of this work. Mathematical classification methods are considered as part of the applied statistics methods. The natural requirements to the considered methods of data analysis and the presentation of calculation results arising from the achievements and ideas accumulated by the national probabilistic and statistical scientific school are discussed. Concrete recommendations are given on a number of issues, as well as criticism of individual errors. In particular, data analysis methods must be invariant with respect to the permissible transformations of the scales in which the data are measured, i.e. methods should be adequate in the sense of measurement theory. The basis of a specific statistical method of data analysis is always one or another probabilistic model. It should be clearly described, its premises justified - either from theoretical considerations, or experimentally. Data processing methods intended for use in real-world problems should be investigated for stability with respect to the tolerances of the initial data and model premises. The accuracy of the solutions given by the method used should be indicated. When publishing the results of statistical analysis of real data, it is necessary to indicate their accuracy (confidence intervals). As an estimate of the predictive power of the classification algorithm, it is recommended to use predictive power instead of the proportion of correct forecasts. Mathematical research methods are divided into "exploratory analysis" and "evidence-based statistics." Specific requirements for data processing methods arise in connection with their "docking" during sequential execution. The article discusses limits of applicability of probabilistic-statistical methods. Concrete statements of classification problems and typical errors when applying various methods for solving them are also considered
-
SUBSTANTIATION OF THE SIZE OF A COMBINED DEVICE FOR TILLAGE AND SOWING
05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
DescriptionThe article presents a methodological approach to the rational selection of the optimal working width by the example of a combined tillage unit using original software. To select the optimal working width of a combined soil cultivating unit, the initial data are: make (type) of the tractor (power tool), unit cost of the machine and tractor unit in comparable prices, production time of the machine and tractor unit to perform the technological operation at a given operating speed with a clear compliance with agrotechnical requirements, both to the technological operation itself, and, directly, to the agricultural machine. As an example, we consider a combined semi-mounted modular tillage and sowing unit for grain crops and the MTZ-82.1 tractor. In this unit, the main working bodies are S-shaped spring teeth and rollers. Based on the performed analytical studies of the pre-sowing (surface) tillage process and the application of theoretical modeling methods, mathematical dependencies have been developed to determine and further analyze the energy-technological parameters of combined tillage units with dynamic working bodies. The performed calculations according to the developed method allow us to choose the optimal working width of the combined soil cultivating unit
-
06.01.01 General agriculture, crop production (agricultural sciences)
DescriptionThe article considers the types of functional stability of reproduction processes in industrial fruit growing. We have substantiated the necessity of developing methodological bases for ensuring and managing the stability of reproduction processes. Methodological bases for managing the stability of reproduction processes have been developed, taking into account the specifics of industrial fruit growing as a complex organized system, consisting of biological, technogenic and economic subsystems. We have also proposed an algorithm for ensuring and managing the sustainability of reproduction processes, which is the basis for the development of digital technologies for managing the sustainability and efficiency of industrial production. The work reveals and defines factors influencing the level of sustainability and efficiency of reproductive processes, the relationship and interaction between result indicators and factor variables; it identifies emerging imbalances in the organization of reproduction processes in industrial fruit growing. Using methods of mathematical statistics, we calculated an integral indicator of the functional stability of reproductive processes and gave its semantic interpretation. It was found that the structural elements of reproduction processes are inconsistent with the actual indicators that characterize functional stability, with the normative parameters. This trend makes it necessary to develop a mechanism for managing sustainability and tools for influencing functional zones in order to bring actual indicators to the standard level. When developing tools for sustainability management, the following were clarified: management methods, process goal setting, functional load of the management object, level of organization, various restrictions (criteria) related to the specifics of technological and economic relationships and mutual influences. We have developed a mechanism for ensuring and managing the functional stability of reproduction processes in industrial fruit growing by its types, including the following stages: automated database formation; cognitive analysis of the influence of factors on the functional areas of influence by types of stability; assessment of functional stability and justification of the integral indicator; filling in, compensating for missing information, generating information data; determining the optimal parameters of functional stability; developing regulators for leveling functional imbalances in the organization of reproduction processes that ensure effective and sustainable management of industrial production
-
MEAT QUALITY OF DUCKS GROWN ON DIETS WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF BENTO-CLAY
DescriptionObtaining maximum productivity and reducing production costs are the main challenges facing livestock producers in modern conditions. To achieve the effectiveness of the poultry industry, we carried out a research in the utilities sector of the Rostov Region, the purpose of which was to study the effectiveness of the use of a feed additive – bento-clay in the diet of ducklings grown for meat. In the research, we study the influence of various doses of the feed on the diet and growth of ducklings. Experimental research data showed that the introduction of bento-clay into the diet of ducklings as a feed additive allowed to increase live weight, average daily gain, the safety of ducklings, the mass of half-gutted and gutted carcasses, the yield of edible parts, and meat quality compared to the control group. Thus, bento-clay influenced the increase in the water-holding ability of ducklings meat, which contributed to the improvement of its technological properties. Therefore, at three weeks of age, the live weight of ducklings was 11.5% -18.2% more than ducklings of the control group, and at seven weeks of age this difference was 8.4-12%, respectively, and the average daily increase was 7.2 -14.1% with high safety
-
MEAT PRODUCTIVITY OF BULL CALVES UNDER INTENSIVE REARING
DescriptionThe article presents a comparative assessment of the meat productivity of young cattle of the two most common intensive meat breeds in the Russian Federation (Aberdeen Angus and Hereford) in comparison with the most numerous native in the South of the country domestic breed, which is Kalmyk. Intensive rearing from 9 to 18 months of age was carried out in the conditions of industrial fattening complex on rations not containing juicy forages. In the process of 273-day intensive rearing, in bulls of the tested breeds average daily live weight gains from 1455 to 1526 grams were achieved. During this period, an absolute increase was obtained in Aberdeen-Angus bulls-416.6 kg, in peers of Hereford and Kalmyk breeds-413.6 and 397.2 kg. The highest pre-slaughter live weight and slaughter rates were noted in Aberdeen-Angus bulls, having a yield of a pair carcass of 59.4 % and a slaughter yield of 62.8 %. The meat of Aberdeen-Angus bulls has the highest content of fat and dry matter, but they have less protein, lower pH and moisture binding capacity and a higher loss of meat juice during cooking, compared with the bulls of the Kalmyk breed. It was confirmed that the coefficients of transformation of protein and energy into products are closely related to the intensity of growth and weight of the carcass. The most effective of these indicators were in bulls of Aberdeen-Angus, then Hereford and Kalmyk breeds. A similar pattern between the breeds was manifested in terms of profitability and cost recovery
-
05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
DescriptionThe article introduces a study on the creation of a simulated physical and mathematical model of the working process of a strip thrower, throwing soil in a directed flow. The problem solved with the help of this work is aimed at optimizing the cutting and ejection process in a given direction of the soil with minimal energy consumption with a maximum emission range. The article describes a methodology for calculating the milling thrower, which is oriented to the formation of the required amount of soil to create a mineralized strip at the edge of a forest bottom fire. Improving and realizing the full reproduction of physical and mathematical models using process simulations, you can save resources on the development of forestry aggregates. The study presents a productive method of processing soil with milling cutters, which helps to reduce energy consumption due to the formation of oriented mineralized flows of soil. For a physical and mathematical description of the process, a simulation program has been compiled that allows you to test the specific task of minimizing energy consumption at a maximum distance of soil discharge with a constant flow density to the rotational speed of the milling throwers
-
TO THE QUESTION OF POTATO DAMAGE DURING HARVESTING AND LAYING FOR STORAGE
05.20.01 Technologies and means of mechanization of agriculture (technical sciences)
DescriptionThe article considers the possibility of using a potato harvester with an unloading device. The principle of operation of an unloading device based on a potato harvester is presented. The unloading device of the root-harvesting machine allows to prevent damage to tubers by damping the speed and lowering the height of the falling heap due to the use of the unloading gutter equipped with a lifting-lowering mechanism made of two differently inclined flat sections, on the inner surface of which, across the gutter, elastically deformable elements are fixed in the form loop absorbers. A group of authors carried out a comparative assessment of the tests of the basic model of the AVR Kolnag potato harvester Spirit 6200 and its improved experimental version with an unloading rating device. The studies were conducted on the fields of the Danko farm of the Lukhovitsky district, Moscow region in 2018 - 2019. Harvesting was carried out alternately from several fields. According to the data obtained, it was found that the level of damage to potato tubers when using the developed experimental version of the unloading device of the potato harvester is 2.1%, which is lower in comparison with the basic model of the harvester. The obtained results of field studies of the experimental unloading device confirmed the results of previous theoretical calculations and laboratory studies, including the high efficiency of the developed device compared to the serial analogue
-
ON THE HYBRIDIZATION OF RICE VARIETIES AND WEED-FIELD RED GRAIN FORMS
06.01.05 Selection and seed production of agricultural plants (agricultural sciences)
DescriptionLarge areas under commercial rice in many countries of the world including Russia are infested with weed-field red grain forms of rice. In the nineties of the XX century new red grain forms of rice appeared in the rice commercial fields of the Krasnodar region; these plants differed little from the morphotype of the variety in morphological characteristics. Such plants were difficult to distinguish and remove during varietal weeding. The increased content of red rice grains among the elite seeds leads to the rejection of such crops, thus reducing the economic efficiency of the seed production. Researchers do not have a single opinion on the origin of the new forms of the red grain rice. Various assumptions are made on mutations, unlocking of epigene of the pericarp coloration of the caryopsis to return to the ancestral red grain forms, and cross-pollination between cultivated and red grain rice. In 2014-2018 a methodological experiment on artificial hybridization between the white grain variety and rice varieties with colored pericarp of the grains (Mars and Yuzhnaya Noch) was carried out to discover the origin of these new forms of the red grain rice. The article presents an analysis of hybrids of direct and reverse crosses between the white grain variety Snezhinka, having an amylose long grain, and the black grain variety Yuzhnaya Noch with a glutinous short grain. As a result of artificial hybridization, a new initial material was received with a different type of grain in shape, color and consistency of the endosperm. This material is of significant interest for further breeding and genetic research. When evaluating hybrid plants obtained by direct crossing Snezhinka / Yuzhnaya Noch and reverse crossing Yuzhnaya Noch / Snezhinka, a significant influence of the maternal cytoplasm on the formation of quality signs of endosperm has been revealed. This must be considered when planning such studies. An analysis of the economically valuable traits of the received hybrid material brings a conclusion that the new red grain forms in the commercial rice varieties may appear as a result of spontaneous hybridization between red grain and white grain rice
-
SEARCHING FOR NATURAL ANTIMICOTICS EFFECTIVE AGAINST PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI
06.01.01 General agriculture, crop production (agricultural sciences)
DescriptionProgress in crop production depends on many factors; including the important measure is the protection from pathogenic microorganisms. Various chemicals are used to control phytopathogens, such as natural and artificially synthesized ones. Natural compounds are more environmentally friendly, in most cases less toxic and quickly destroyed. The purpose of this work was to find strains of actinobacteria that have antifungal activity and are considered by us as possible sources of antifungal compounds for agricultural purposes. We selected 10 strains of actinobacteria that were isolated from typical regions of Russia. These strains were active against the fungal test strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae RIA 259 and Aspergillus niger INA 00760 when deep cultured. To determine the activity of selected actinobacteria against phytopathogenic fungi, 6 strains isolated from affected plants were used as tests. Morphological and genetic analysis methods have shown that the selected actinobacteria strains belong to two genera and are represented by the following species: Nocardia soli, Streptomyces antibioticus, S. bottropensis, S. chartreusis, S. chromofuscus, S. hydrogenans (2 isolates), S. lusitanus, S. netropsis, S. peucetius. Phytopathogenic fungi are represented by the following species: Fusarium armeniacum (2 isolates), Fusarium culmorum, Alternaria tenuissima (2 isolates), Bipolaris sorokiniana. As a result, it was found that under conditions of submerged cultivation on nutrient media, actibacteria form substances that inhibit the growth of all phytopathogenic tests used in the experiment. The representatives of species N. soli INA 01217, S.chromofuscus INA 01211, S. lusitanus INA 01218, S. netropsis INA 01190 and S. peucetius INA 01255 have not been described as having antifungal activity previously, so we consider them to be the most promising for chemical research to identify new antifungal antibiotics