07.00.00 Historical sciences
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THE POLITICAL CRISIS IN THE KALMYK KHANATE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 18TH CENTURY
DescriptionThe article deals with a political crisis in the Kalmyk khanate and the departure of the part of the Volga Kalmyks from South Russia to the borders of the Jungar khanate at the beginning of the XVIII century. The dramatic events of 1701–1702 which were caused by a race for power in a khanʼs family or by an attempt of «palace revolution» are considered in chronological sequence. This conflict was used by the representatives of the Kalmyk ruling elite who were dissatisfied with the khan Ayukaʼs policy and interested in the change of the political power. But the support of the tsarist government given to the Kalmyk khan ruined the plans of the conspirators and some part of them embracing 15 thousand of nomad tents moved on to the territory of Jungaria. This event which cardinally influenced on the alignment of forces in the Oirat society considerably weakened the Kalmyk khanate and correspondingly increased the population size in the Jungar khanate
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FEATURES OF MILITARY SERVICE IN WESTERN SIBERIA DURING 1865-1906
DescriptionIn spite of the fact that the name of the district during its existence was changed (Western-Siberian, Omsk, Siberian), the authors accepted the name “the Siberian military district” for the benefit of the material representation. Chronological frameworks of the article cover the period from 1865 (the date of the creation of the Western-Siberian military district) to 1906 when the Siberian military district has been divided up into Omsk and Irkutsk districts. The article considers some features of active service in military units and institutions of the Siberian military district during 1865-1906, in view of condition diversity in Western Siberia. They are the features of the regional climate, the features of the officer personnel formation in the district, the features of its class structure (which is a source of replacement of the organized units’ staff, district subunits and a mobilization resource in case of the war beginning) and some organization issues of the military’s everyday life in Western Siberia. The authors pay a special attention to the problems of character training, the organization of the service arm and the troop training in the Siberian military district. They also underline a low level of literacy among the district population and the staff of the district divisions and units. The main idea of the article is that the government has paid little attention to the military component of Western Siberia development from the earliest times up to now
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DEVELOPMENT OF TURKISH JOURNALISM IN THE ERA OF THE TANZIMAT
DescriptionFor some of the Eastern countries - Turkey, Iran, China and Japan - XIX century passed under the sign of reform. Studying these countries today is important and relevant. Such an experience could be a tool for analyzing the reform aspirations of modern mankind, which is especially valuable for those situations which are determined by the trend of rapid economic and technological progress. Hence, there is a certain increase in interest of turkologists in recent years to study reforms in Turkey deeply, especially the period of the so-called "beneficent reforms" ( "Tanzimat-i hayriye"), which lasted for more than thirty years - from 1839 to 1876
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ISLAMIC LAW IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
DescriptionThe article is devoted to the problem of formation and development of Islamic law in the Ottoman Empire. In the beginning of the article, the author considers the ratio between Sharia and customary law in the legal system of the Ottoman Empire and reveals that the basis of customary law is the right of the Turks. Furthermore, the author highlights the main legal institutions of the state, and analyzes legal acts that appeared during the reign of the sultans Muhammad al-Fatih, Selim I, Suleiman I, Ahmad I and Abd alHamid. Then the author analyzes the features of Islamic law of the Ottoman Empire, identifies features of the contractual relationship, matrimonial and criminal law. Compares the rights of Muslims and non-Muslims, and reveals that the latter were divided into two categories: zimmi and musta’man, identifying legal privileges of each of them. At the end of the article, the author makes a conclusion about the continuity of the various legal acts of the Ottoman Empire, the crown of which is al-Majalla, some of the provisions, which has not lost its relevance in our time
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Description
The phenomenon of the special relationship in BritishAmerican politics of the second part of the XX century also received intensive development in the early XXI century. In fact, according to conditions of modern processes of globalization, cooperation between the United States and Great Britain, as within framework of NATO and in other international organizations, became increasingly close. Both States played a significant role in the international policy, working on various issues of economy, politics, environment, culture, etc. Attention is drawn to the forms of cooperation between the studied States in the implementation of military initiatives in the Balkans (1998) and Iraq (2003). These events allowed characterizing the first and final stages of the development of relations between the United States and Britain in the form of «special» in the period of late XX – early XXI centuries. In the beginning of XXI century the cooperation between the U.S. and the UK in reforming NATO, taking into account national foreign policy strategy of the USA, was an example of favorable development of bilateral “special relationship”. For London, the following external course of the US has remained a higher priority than for Washington
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PARTICIPATION OF KALMYK TRADE UNIONS IN ENSURING WORKERS’ LABOR PROTECTION
DescriptionIn the article, we can analyze the participation of Kalmik trade unions in ensuring workers’ labor protection and safety engineering in 1970-ies. The sources of the article base are the documents of National archive of the Kalmyk Republic. The analysis of the large documental material showed that in 1970ies the trade unions began to study deeper the question of making better the conditions of work, more often raised the questions of labor protection at the meetings of workers committees, drew the community to this work. Kalmik trade unions organizations paid serious attention to safety engineering and industry sanitation, achieved such condition that the workers were completely provided with overalls, means of individual protection, they demanded absolute mechanization of hard processes, fought for high culture of manufacture. In spite of trade-union organizations of the republic did definite work about putting in order in cause of fulfillment of labor laws, the situation did not change
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THE SUPREME COUNCIL OF THE KALMYK ASSR — THE SUPREME BODY OF THE STATE POWER OF THE REPUBLIC
DescriptionThis article deals with actual problems of the national structure of Kalmyk people in 1930-s years based on legislative documents and also problems of development and the adoption of the first Constitution of Kalmyk USDA (1937). The article focuses on the main features of this research. The adoption of the basic law of the Kalmyk republic was a big step in the social and political life in Kalmykia and in its constitutional history. This document included fundamental principles of the «constitution of proletariat government», peculiarities of Russian social class development, aims and objectives of national political structure in the Russian Federation. The basic law of the Kalmyk USDA was created on the basis of principles of the Constitution of the USSR and the Constitution of the RSFSR. The law secured social and government order of the Soviet Kalmykia. The procedure of governing and composition, the competence and authorities are disclosed and the work of the Supreme council of the Kalmyk USDA as the highest representative and legislative body in the context of the basic law of the Kalmyk republic. In the Constitution of the republic rights and freedom of nationals are fully reflected in accordance with the constitutional principles of the USSR. Finally the author concludes that in the administrative command system the basic features of rights and freedom of the peoples of the USSR in practice were not respected
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MONUMENTS OF THE FEBRUARY AND OCTOBER REVOLUTION IN THE TERRITORY OF RUSSIA
DescriptionThe article is devoted to the study of the monuments of revolutions of 1917 in Russia. It is emphasized that from the historical point of view, almost all monuments represent the embodiment of the losses and sufferings of humankind in various armed conflicts. This is especially true for the revolutions of 1917, which changed the entire modern history of the country, and even after 100 years cause a special interest both in the international scientific community and among ordinary people. This study specifies that after the final establishment and approval of the Soviet government, the new government realized that it was needed to create a certain basis, namely, its political symbolism as a foundation for the formation of image of the new government. The most important component of this process was the desire of the authorities to the formation of the ideas of the Soviet people about themselves and their place in the world, and, as a consequence, the folding of the foundations of Soviet patriotism, because the new generation who had no idea about the Russian Empire, began its life in the country, which had an ideology, but just started to develop the system of socialist values. The attention is paid to the fact that the monuments are one of the important elements of the historical and cultural heritage, which reflected the past experience of mankind, broadcast through architectural and sculptural symbols to the present, which contributes not only to the cultural enrichment of mankind, but also used by people to influence worldviews contemporaries. The article says that modern youth need to know the history of their country, not to forget about the numerous victims of various wars, to preserve peace and appreciate life
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NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGIES OF THE USA DURING 1991-2010
DescriptionThis article presents the results of the content analysis of the US National Security Strategies published in the period 1991-2010. The emphasis is on identifying the role of non-governmental organizations in building of the US political strategy, as well as considering the evolutionary path of NGOs during various presidential administrations of the United States. The conclusion is drawn that during the considered period nongovernmental organizations became an integral part of the US foreign policy doctrine. NGOs have become one of the most important instruments of the "soft power" of the United States, primarily with regard to the spread of democratic foundations and civil society. The results demonstrate the difference in approaches to the "soft power" between the democratic and republican administrations of the United States of America
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Description
The article considers the history of formation and development of political relations of Krasnodar territory with the Republic of Cyprus at the end XX – early XXI centuries. Two stages in the development of political relations between the Krasnodar region and the Republic of Cyprus were singled out: the beginning of the 1990s, the beginning of the 2000s. Based on materials of the State archive of the Krasnodar region analyzed the work on the preparation and implementation of the agreement of 1992 between the government of the Russian Federation and the government of the Republic of Cyprus, shows the activities of the administration of Krasnodar region and administration of Krasnodar city to establish political relations of the parties. The attention is focused on the creation of the first Russian Bank with 100% foreign capital – the Investment Bank of Kuban. Conclusions are made about the current state of relations between the Krasnodar region and the Republic of Cyprus