09.00.00 Philosophic sciences
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THE ROLE OF RELIGION AS A FORM OF SPIRITUAL CULTURE IN HUMAN LIFE
DescriptionThe article discusses the role of religion as a form of spiritual culture in the context of everyday life. Cultural and religious function of religion reveals the relation of religion to spiritual cultural in aspect of the symbolic codes of everyday life. Under the spiritual culture we understand a set of positive achievements of mankind in intellectual and emotional spheres, in achieving awareness and understanding between people of different faiths
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THE PRINCIPAL SCIENTIFIC AND GENERAL TENDENCIES OF COEVOLUTIONS IN DEVELOPING SYSTEMS
DescriptionIn the article we consider some main tendencies which are characteristic for development of modern natural sciences and for ontology and the theory of knowledge’s process. Features of synergetic as interdisciplinary scientific direction, the concept of a universal evolutionism, value of information in nature development are discussed. Methodological basis of the process of integration of scientific knowledge is the interdisciplinary direction of the research which important component is the synergetic. It plays an important role in the concept of coevolution realization which considers mutual relation of the person and the nature, the micro- and the mega-world. The article demonstrates that having revealed the laws of functioning of complexly evolutionizing, nonlinear systems, synergetic thus posed the fundamental questions of both epistemological and ideological and value nature. Conceptual shifts occurring in cognition open up the new sides in the interpretation of not just order and disorder but also the categories they generate. The author points out on the features of synergy, which using the linearity аnd nonlinearity in the theory expresses the aspects of material unity of the world, linked to the general properties of self-development of complex systems. The universe is seen as a dissipative system with periodically removable elements (elementary dissipative systems)
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YOUTH LANGUAGE MENTALITY AS A WAY OF EXPLORING THE WORLD
DescriptionIn this article, we are talking about language mentality of youth. The problem is multifaceted and allows the researcher to see different aspects of the interaction of language and mentality, and also their actions in unity. Mentality of young people is largely determined by social conditions, which is expressed in language features. Language, in turn, has some formative influence on the socialization process of the youth mentality. Philosophers, psychologists, linguists, historians examine various aspects of interaction of mentality and language, relations between language and thought, language and history, language and national culture, language and learning, language and humor, etc. In this article, exploring the mentality of the youth system, we distinguish among them language. The goal is to show features of youth language mentality as a way of perceiving the world, to determine levels (degrees) of functioning mentality as a language picture of the world, to identify the factors of formation of individual linguistic mentality of the individual and the social environment
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Description
The problem of correlation of senses and notions in the science, their substitution and the birth of so-called pseudo knowledge is the issue which is more than ever burning in our times of perturbations and big changes. Biological sciences could not avoid these problems as well. All the more so because they stayed for many years under significant pressure of the ruling ideology of those times, of the state and of the governing party machineries. That is exactly why Darwinism as such requires a profound analysis in terms of contemporary achievements of the science, inclusive of philosophy. The analysis of knowledge which is available now and has been accumulated for many centuries of development of the biological science allows finding logical contradictions, possible substitutions of sense platforms, i.e. the birth of pseudo knowledge, which needs to be ascertained and suppressed. The appearance of such branch of the science as biophilosophy exceedingly aggravated the situation due to a number of big methodological shortcomings of this branch which still remains to be a non-science. As it cannot facilitate studying the organic world and, the other way round, even confuses such studying by applying an anthropomorphous matrix to the world, while the ethic and the aesthetic cannot only be attributed to the human mind, the situation becomes pretty complicated. At the same time, the philosophic envelope of the biological science is often filled with various kinds of ideology which makes no contribution to the objectivity of knowledge
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SYSTEMS AND SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACHES TO THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE
DescriptionThe article shows the distinctive features of biological and cognitive approaches to the study of the origin and evolution of language. Their advantages in understanding and explaining of the individual foundations of language faculty are considered. The study shows that these approaches do not take into account the socio-cultural and supra-individual nature of language and its close evolutionary and functional relation with communication in nature and society. The paper argues that the aim of many researchers to find specific genes of language or special cognitive linguistic ‘modules’ are achievable only in part due to systems and social nature of language, which cannot be reduced to any individual innate or acquired abilities. Nevertheless, biological and cognitive foundations should not be excluded from the system analysis of the language and have to be studied in their integrity with other sign systems (mathematic, expressive means of art, writing system, non-verbal communication, etc.). The article also discusses new insights into the theory of evolution and their applicability to the study of the origin and development of language (in particular, the problem of gradualistic/abrupt emergence of language). It is argued that the question of the "abrupt", "punctuated" evolution of language cannot be "Darwin's problem", as a number of modern scholars believe. As an alternative to the evolution of language on the basis of "macromutations" it is offered the concept of socio-cultural evolution model based on an understanding of language as a supra-individual, sociocultural sign system that develops due to the cumulative nature of culture and plasticity of individual development
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ORIGIN, EVOLUTION AND DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION IN NATURE
DescriptionThe article considers current trends and unsolved problems in studies of the origin and evolution of communication in nature. Distinctive features of natural language, its biological, cognitive and sociocultural foundations are revised from the perspectives of new findings in this field. The article also investigates the main characteristics of primal and basic forms of "communication" (e.g. in bacteria and plants). It is argued that to them are more applicable non-representational models of communication, because they are not based on the representation of meanings or the processes of cognition and interpretation. On the example of the acoustic signals of birds and primates it is shown that they have such linguistic features as referentiality, plasticity and sociocultural heritability. Discovery of the faculty, for instance in some species of birds, for a "semantically compositional communication" ("semantic compositionality"), reveals also the presence of the "protosyntax" in animal communication. Considered studies enable to bring together features of communication in nature and natural language and to see the evolution of communication as the more gradualistic process than previously thought. Nevertheless, it is emphasized that there is a need for the development in the modern studies the socio-cultural approaches to communication that take into account the non-genetic inheritance system and the cumulative nature of culture
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Description
Creation of a new educational institution is always a big event. However, educational institutions do not use to appear in a spontaneous and unexpected way. Such appearance requires public necessity and expedience. In this very way, the institute of veterinary was created in Vitebsk in its time in 1924 and later transformed to Vitebsk State Academy of Veterinary Medicine which became one of the leading higher schools in this industry in USSR and the only educational institution in this specialty in the Republic of Belarus. The article covers such aspects of the academy work as involving students in the scientific activities and the book culture. Another issue of the article is development of auxiliary departments, such as economics, politology and philosophy, economic history and theory, computer literacy, the work of which make an indispensable contribution to education of a comprehensively developed specialist capable of professional growth and improvement. Vitebsk State Academy of Veterinary Medicine, with due regard for the experience accumulated by it, is the leader in formation of highly educated and skilled specialists in the field of veterinary medicine and biotechnology and in training of comprehensively competent experts as well, who have got noble moral and ethical principles and obtained substantial knowledge in humanities, who can convert this knowledge from theory into practice as appropriate
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TO THE QUESTION OF THE DEFINITION OF THE MODERN SCIENCE TERM
DescriptionThe article analyzes the concept and the specific of science, discusses some patterns of functioning, integration and differentiation of modern science. We consider the difference of science and knowledge, nonexistence of sharp distinctions between the terms “science”, “innovation” and “engineering”
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Description
On the one hand, man is a physical object and a person. Therefore, we interact with the reality, on one hand, directly as a physical object, but on the other hand as a person, i.e. indirectly through our psyche. On the basis of information from the senses, the consciousness of a person creates a subjective model of reality. A man mistakes his subjective model of reality for reality itself, i.e. unnecessarily assigns an ontological status, by the hypostatizations. In fact, as the reality a man perceives not reality itself, but only its subjective model of that reality. As a result, as a physical object, a person lives in the physical world, and as a person he lives in his subjective model of physical and social reality created on the basis of information coming to his senses directly and from the media. This work considers the process of formation of subjective 3D models reality based of large numbers of 2D images, a distinction is made in the content of terms: "Seeing" and "Sensing"; it also analyzes the transformation of objective facts into subjective perceptions of consciousness and back. As a result of hypostatizations of subjective models of reality, we may observe the same effects as in virtual reality (a reality effect; the effect of the presence; the effect of depersonalization; the effect of virtualization goals, values, and motivations). So, there is every reason to consider different subjective models of reality generated by different forms of consciousness, the virtual models. We study various consequences of these statements
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LINGUISTIC DETERMINISM, CUMULATIVE EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
DescriptionThe main purpose of this study is to examine how language and its historically inherited content and structure allows accumulating knowledge and determines the development of the individuals, culture and science. The article shows the theoretical drawbacks of modern "pragmatic turn" in which language is depicted only as a derivate of natural, cultural and cognitive systems. Instead, it is stated that language, in addition to all of the above, have to be considered also as a relatively independent basis and one of the causes that determine individual and social development. For that reason, the study examines the system nature of language, thought and culture, their environmental and social "embeddiness", a close relationship with other sign systems and with various forms of social activities. From that point, theoretical reduction of multiple relations and varying causes in complex ecological and social systems only to bilateral relations of language-thought, language-culture are revised. Particular attention is paid to the role of language in the accumulation and systematization of scientific knowledge and the transmission of cultural traditions. In that context, language is seen as part of the non-genetic inheritance systems, "social a priori" that determines the content and creates conditions for cumulative social evolution. Therefore, it is maintained that the comprehensive studies of language and its significance for culture and science have to embrace within a systems approach both the linguistic and pragmatic "turns"