03.00.00 Biological sciences
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BIOTECHNOLOGY – SCIENCE AND SECTOR OF AGRICULTURE
DescriptionThis article presents information about the features of biotechnology as the driving force of scientific and technological progress. The national programs of the leading countries of the world, it is one of the priority sectors, reflecting the level of the socio-economic condition of the society. Biotechnology is now successfully solves such vital tasks as providing food, the establishment of effective medicaments, obtaining fuel based on renewable raw materials, maintaining ecological balance, conservation of biological resources of the Earth. The development of agriculture in modern conditions is impossible without agricultural biotechnology. It is directly related to viticulture. Choosing an object of an integrated system (embryos, apical meristem, axillary buds), it is possible to clone plants, i.e. produce plants identical to the original. If the same as the object to use isolated cells or protoplasts, in this case, there will most likely altered versions, creating diversity for the breeder. Genetic engineering – the science of younger, since the establishment of the first chimeric DNA molecule. The origin of genetic engineering is rooted in the development of molecular genetics, biochemistry. These technologies, undoubtedly progressive, but their biological safety is still insufficiently explored and is a danger to all life on Earth. The leading Western powers carried out strict control over the introduction of transgenic crop plants, as they are in agrocenosis new biological risks that may adversely affect the plants, animals and humans. In Russia, as in other countries, have already adopted the law “State regulation of genetic engineering”
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Description
Due to the wide spread of winter barley varieties with different Phytopathologic characteristics, a serious threat to the crop is dwarf rust caused by a pathogenic fungi of the Puccinia. The article presents the results of phytosanitary studies conducted in different agroclimatic zones of the North Caucasus region for the period from 2013 to 2015. Electronic maps of levels of development and distribution of dwarf rust are based on phytosanitary inspection. On the experimental field called «Kuban» as well as rust nursery of VNIIBZR we have performed an immunological evaluation of the sustainability of winter barley accessions to the pathogen of the dwarf rust on natural and artificial infectious backgrounds in the period from 2013 to 2015. The article reflects the objective characteristics of varieties and lines of winter barley with a relative stability to the North Caucasian population Puccinia hordei. The most promising varieties and lines of winter barley of the KubGAU breeding were selected during operation. These varieties and lines are highly resistant to rust and dwarf, they also have other valuable features. The article presents information on the best yield varieties and lines of winter barley as well as on gross yield and sowing area
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Description
Two granular formulations of phosphorus biofertilizers combining rock phosphate and two highly active phosphate solubilizing strains: Acinetobacter species 305 and Pseudomonas species 181а have been investigated. Granules of about 3 mm in size were obtained by contact-convective drying of a mixture of ground ore, concentrated biomass of two different strains, starch and glucose. Micro granules with size of 0.1- 0.5 mm were obtained by spray drying the biomass of two different strains and application of dried cells on the particles of the ground ore. Starch was used as a binder. In the model liquid medium it was shown that the microorganisms have retained the ability to solubilize mineral phosphates in granular formulations prepared. In laboratory pot trial on marigold (Tagetes patula) it was demonstrated that both formulations of biofertilizer increased the dry weight of the plants to the same level as that of chemical fertilizer - double superphosphate, but were inferior in the concentration of phosphorus in plants. Both formulations exceeded the effectiveness of rock phosphate and biomass used as biofertilizers both separately and jointly. No significant differences were noted between the two strains and the two granular formulations both for plant dry weight, and the content of phosphorus therein. Both granular formulations of biofertilizer retained their structure and avoided aggregating over a year of storage at 4 oC. The average persistence of living cells in the microbeads was about 1.5%, in granules - 32 %
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Description
The article presents materials about selection and optimization of the nutrient medium for cultivation of Propionibacterium shermanii. We have shown a high positive effect expressed in the intensive growth of microorganisms of Propionibacterium shermanii on optimized medium with the juice from the tomatoes, as well as replacement of glucose on corn extract, which allows concluding that these components have a positive impact on the accumulation of biomass of Propionibacterium shermanii
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THE USING LOCAL NATURAL ORIGIN FORAGE RESOURCES IN COMPOUNDS OF BROILER CHICKENS
DescriptionUsing of compound feeds in broiler feed additives of plant resources, activates body's biological functions. This increases productivity and gives an ability to make environmentally friendly products. These local plants feed additives contributing to enrich animal feed with active ingredients include flour from nettle and Caspian marine algae. This article is devoted to studying the composition of nettle from the different locations of growth in Dagestan Republic and also, to determine the effectiveness of the use of nettle flour individually and to how implement it with the seaweeds flour in feeds of broiler chickens instead of herbal flour. The studies showed that nettle from a foothill zone in the flowering period exceeds slightly the nettle from mountain zone on the content of dry matter-1.19 % of protein-0.09 % and exchange energy 0.77 kcal/100g. Nettle meal from mountainous zone also inferiors the foothills in the energy value to 6.81 kcal/100 g. The inclusion of 2% feed meal nettle, 3% seaweed either alone or in combination of 2% instead of+3% of alfalfa grass meal resulted increasing broilers’ body weight 4,60-8,95% betterment survival to2,8-5,70%, increasing muscle output at 0,56-2,54% compared with the control group. The protein content and the amount of essential amino acids in the thoracic muscle in the test group was to 0.97-2.74%andto1,68- 2,11%, respectively, higher than the control. There was a significant increasing iodine in thoracic muscles of experimental groups 119,6-166,07% relative to control. Based on the results of the research, it is recommended to include 2% of feed meal nettle and 3% from algae instead of 4% grass meal of alfalfa to improve the productivity and biological value of broiler meat and 1 % of cereals
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Description
The article presents monitoring of the course and the beginning of new invasions due to the intensification of these processes in the basin of the Azov Sea of; investigation of the influence of the alien species upon the acceptor ecosystem. Methods. The material was collected at the monitoring transect in the Don River delta and in the surveys of the r/v “Professor Panov” in the Taganrog Bay, Sea of Azov. Standard hydrobiological methods of the data collection were used. Results. Penetration of three polychaete species was recorded; course of invasion of two of them was traced. Impact upon the acceptor ecosystem was researched. Preliminary species identifications using morphological characters were carried out; sources and the ways of the invasions are suggested. Conclusions. Estuary zone of the Sea of Azov (the Taganrog Bay) has a high invasion capacity. Of the three species penetrated into the Sea of Azov basin in 2013-2015, one (Aracia sp.) naturalized successfully, though didn’t affect much the ecosystem. On the contrary, polychaetes of the genus Marenzelleria are increasing rapidly their area; in two years, they became dominant along the considerable part of the water body. The invasion of Streblospio sp. is at its very beginning at the time
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60 YEARS IN THE RANKS: FEATURES OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF BEZOSTAYA 1 WINTER WHEAT VARIETY
DescriptionThis review is devoted to the 60 anniversary of the winter wheat variety (Triticum aestivum L.) Bezostaya 1 – a masterpiece of world selection. This variety played a great role in increasing total grain yields in the Kuban Region. It also was an important gene source for Russian and world breeding. This variety has initiated and was for many years a party to research molecular biological mechanisms of wheat frost resistance formation. The article summarizes data about the peculiarities of functioning of protein-synthesizing system it sprouts (coleoptilies) under the influence of hardening temperature (4oC): translational activity in vitro, poliribosomts, degree of polyadenilation and stability of total mRNA and specific mRNA translational elongation factor α subunit 1 (eEF-1 α). The in vitro (ommp) system, which adequately characterizes the relative mRNA stability in vivo was used for these measurements. The effects of cooling and light on mRNA stability were shown to be cultivar-specific. The hardiness of winter wheat has a positive relationship with the amount of RNA and DNA, and a negative correlation with the amount of magnesium cations in mature grain that can serve as a simple marker of frost resistance. The main feature of the variety Bezostaya 1 is high content of magnesium ions (Mg++) in RNA molecules and relatively low variation of Mg++-depending molecularphysiological responses for different environmental conditions. The knowledge gained in the study of variety of Bezostaya 1 contributes to the understanding of molecular biological processes that underlie the selection and determining its future success
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Description
The article studies the influence of polymeric in the form of formers and growth regulators on the growth and development of rice plants when grown in saline conditions. We controlled the effect of salinity on grows regulators and vigor, seed germination, root and shoot weight, the content of photosynthetic pigments parameters, induction curves of delayed fluorescence, the indicators of structure of harvest, grain yield. It was found, that pre-sowing seed soaking in solutions of polymer grows regulators has a stimulating effect on the growth and development of rice plants in the early stages: we significantly increased germination and emergence, dry weight of root and shoot compared to control. At different stages of ontogeny rice, the absolute content of pigments in the leaves and the relationship between the individual variants change. The absolute content of pigments in leaves and their relationship between experiences at different stages of ontogeny change. In the period of intensive vegetative growth from seedling stage the content of total chlorophyll is maximum, and by the end of the growing season it decreases. It can be assumed that the salinity of the substrate significantly reduces the productivity of photosynthesis in young plants, possibly due to imbalance of ions in the cell, the older it gets – the weaker the phenomenon is and even becomes reversed. The second maximum IR ZF increases during the growing season from germination to flowering, then decreases to the beginning of ripening in all embodiments. The same dynamics is characteristic of the magnitude of the proton gradient in the membranes of chloroplasts tylakoids. Salt protection effect of growth regulators on grain yield is significant on both backgrounds of mineral nutrition
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BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND COMMERCIAL STOCKS OF HUMPBACK WHITEFISH IN YAKUTIA WATERS
DescriptionHumpback whitefish - Coregonus lavaretus pidschian (Gmelin, 1788), is spread in Siberia, in the Kara, Laptev and East Siberian seas and in the lakes of the Arctic and Subarctic. Objective: To assess the status of fish in the waters of Yakutia, to make ecological forecasts and determine the possibility and prospect of economic use of whitefish, as a fish-breeding material in the present conditions. Methods: The analysis was carried out on the fresh material as described I.Pravdina (1966), taking into account the recommendations of Y. Reshetnikov (1980). Collection and processing of materials were carried out in 1969-2015 by standard methods. Results. Reaching sexual maturity at the sixth (in weight - the eighth and ninth) year of life, whitefish begin to move to the main breeding groundsin the early fall. Absolute fecundity of eggs 2500-140000. Spawning is common in late September-early October. The food spectrum usually consists of the following objects: chironomid larvae, plants, mollusks, fish eggs and copepods. By the nature of power - benthophage, but often becomes planktonic organisms. Conclusions. Important food fish, but its reserves significantly reducedunder the influence of anthropogenic factors in recent years. The catch of whitefish can be increased as a result of the development of aquaculture
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WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT AND BIOTA IN THE VILUY REGION
DescriptionNumerous revealed negative impacts of the diamond industry and Vilyuiskaya HPP on the aquatic environment and biological objects are more expressed in the change of the hydrochemical regime in water basin of Viluy and as its consequence - in violation of the structural and functional nature of the components of aquatic biota; in the change of he average biomass and abundance of planktonic populations (phytoplankton and zooplankton) and benthic organisms, and in general - in the change of the flow energy in an aquatic ecosystem