09.00.00 Philosophic sciences
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PHILOSOPHICAL REASONING OF THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN ECONOMICUS OF J. BAUDRILLARD
DescriptionThe conceptualization of the phenomenon of a man in Economics is one of the key problems of a modern science. Interdisciplinary investigations devoted to the models of «homo economicus», have found their acceptance in the second half of the twentieth century. So, Jean Baudrillard considered the «homo economicus» as part of the postmodern trends. Baudrillard’s man is a consumer living in a society of abundance. The author considers the main features of modern man, presented in the works of Baudrillard. The article analyzes the characteristics of the consumer society that emerged in the twentieth century after the revolution of well-being, defined are the criteria and procedures of selection of the human wealth, and also their further consumption. Special attention is paid to the nature of consumption as a process and an end in itself, the transformation of the credit system, the credit perception of the Human. Individual ceases to be a key agent of the economy. Demand is subjected to an action from the supply side, it is becoming a function of production, under the influence of which the structure of demand is being changed. The author has also addressed to the problem of rationality as the basis of economic modeling and detects the Baudrillard’s negation of rationality as the characteristics of a person consuming. In conclusion, the article has presented the basic concepts of Jean Baudrillard about human behavior in the modern economic environment
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Description
On the one hand, man is a physical object and a person. Therefore, we interact with the reality, on one hand, directly as a physical object, but on the other hand as a person, i.e. indirectly through our psyche. On the basis of information from the senses, the consciousness of a person creates a subjective model of reality. A man mistakes his subjective model of reality for reality itself, i.e. unnecessarily assigns an ontological status, by the hypostatizations. In fact, as the reality a man perceives not reality itself, but only its subjective model of that reality. As a result, as a physical object, a person lives in the physical world, and as a person he lives in his subjective model of physical and social reality created on the basis of information coming to his senses directly and from the media. This work considers the process of formation of subjective 3D models reality based of large numbers of 2D images, a distinction is made in the content of terms: "Seeing" and "Sensing"; it also analyzes the transformation of objective facts into subjective perceptions of consciousness and back. As a result of hypostatizations of subjective models of reality, we may observe the same effects as in virtual reality (a reality effect; the effect of the presence; the effect of depersonalization; the effect of virtualization goals, values, and motivations). So, there is every reason to consider different subjective models of reality generated by different forms of consciousness, the virtual models. We study various consequences of these statements
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RELIGIOUS TRANSGRESSION IN HETEROTOPIC SPACES
DescriptionHeterotopia, according to M. Foucault, is the space beyond all others, the space in which there are no familiar laws and regulations to the subject. It is obvious that behavioral stereotypes in such circumstances are undergoing all sorts of changes. People entering the heterotopia (especially in frontier heterotopia), is forced to adapt to new conditions and somehow the so-called act of transgression, i.e. to overstep the limits of the traditional behavior. It raises epistemological significance of the study of heterotopic transgression. The author, using Foucauldian approach to heterotopia, analyzes various forms of transgression, for the first time their classification is given. However, special attention is paid to religious transgressions, as heterotopic space often give ground for the emergence of new religious movements, branches, and sometimes even new religious systems. The author concludes that acts of transgression are a form of reaction to a meeting with an Alien in new for the subject of transgression conditions, which gives him the opportunity to adapt successfully to changing environmental conditions. All this corresponds to basic instincts of survival of the individual
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Description
This article represents experience of a reflection over theoretical prerequisites of phenomenological and system approaches to a problem of forecasting of social reality. An object of research are the principle of multidimensionality of social reality in aspect of a determinism and indeterminism of social processes, and also the principle of causal asymmetry of time acting as the ontologic basis of multidimensionality of reality. It is claimed, that at the heart of statement of the major philosophical problems there is an experience of a touch to a phenomenon of multidimensionality of reality. Multidimensionality of reality is shown as a dependence of fundamental characteristics on the level of theoretical generalization and an intentionality of the consciousness registering reality in its existence. The hypothesis of multidimensionality of social reality assumes that social processes can be described and as strictly determined, predicted and as depending on a free will of the person depending on the level of theoretical generalization at which they are considered. The principle of causal asymmetry of time is a form of multidimensionality of time and a condition of multidimensionality of process, including social. At the heart of causal asymmetry of time, there is a systemacity of time, not reducibility of time neither to consciousness, nor to life. It is shown that is impossible differently as through the synthesizing activity of consciousness, to connect together two senses, equally directly related at the right time: duration keeping time in some equal unity of the moments and the variability, change of times expressing ontologic exclusiveness of the present moment. Multidimensionality and asymmetry of time can be considered as theoretical prerequisites of phenomenological and system approach to a problem of social forecasting
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Description
Contemporary philosophical thought is able to find modern trends of development. The traditional materialistic and idealistic model turns out archaic and platitudinous. It is necessary to work out appropriate forms of reflection. In addition, a need exists for including the interpretation of being actual fundamental research. The history of Russian thought reveals that in the end of XIX century, when intellectual crisis was occurred, it was formed such philosophical trend as realism. The grounds of realism were the achievements of natural science on the one hand and on the other were the revolutionarydemocratic ideas of «the Sixties». Realism being aimed at the reinterpretation and transformation of practical life on the real foundations set itself the task to study the actual reality. Therefore, philosophical realism has received an active development in a domestic science. Natural scientists argued correlative unity of material and ideal in nature. Idealism was regarded as speculative (insignificant) philosophy and materialism was as a limitation of the cognitive space of being and nature. The advantages of philosophical realism are rationalism, syncretism, and criticism. Realism is a trend of thought which has not yet evolved and can be productive in resolving modern problems
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TRANSFORMATION OF THE IMAGE OF AN ALIEN IN CONDITIONS OF THE POSTFRONTIER CULTURAL PARADIGM
DescriptionCultural dialogue with an Alien/Stranger on Frontier territories takes different forms depending on the specific period in which intercultural communication occurs. It is possible to allocate three periods with particular forms of intercultural communication: the early frontier, active frontier and postfrontier. If meeting with a Stranger/Alien in the active period of the frontier is characterized by the active suppression of a Stranger, sometimes to His complete destruction or enslavement, in the period of postfrontier there comes a revision of forms of this dialogue and the image of an Alien/Stranger radically changed from negative to positive. This article analyzes the transformation of the Stranger’s image in the postfrontier space of the USA. It shows how the image of the Indian in the second half of the 20-th century got increasingly positive features
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CLIP THINKING PHENOMENON THROUGH A PRISM OF GERBERT MARCUSE’S “ONEDIMENSIONAL MAN”
DescriptionClip thinking phenomenon analysis is considered through a comparison to a theory of one-dimensional man by outstanding representative of Frankfurt school of social research Herbert Marcuse. Approaches to definition for clip thinking phenomenon and indication its reasons are conducted. Although this phenomenon was defined and presented more than 20 years ago by philosopher F. Girenok, descent reasons and impact apparatus of clip thinking were described earlier by Gerbert Marcuse within ‘one-dimensional man’ theory. Philosopher contemplates modern industrial society as never-ending consumer system, its aims of own life support predetermined a formation of new type man which represents mass society by ability of living according to “correct” social attitudes. The man’s life should be brought under control of constant consumer process. Any exertions of individuality or public point of view deviations should be eliminated. These things are executed by means of mass media indoctrination and appropriate ideas implementation. However every man is still able to think critically and his vision of world comprehension may be quite full due to cultural environment accessory even in spite of one-sided perception prism
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Description
It has been proved that theoretical scientific models created as a result of the learning process, reflect not the reality of "what it really is" and only the reality "what it is" in the process of interaction with tools of empirical knowledge, i.e. the organs of perception of a certain organism that supports a corresponding form of consciousness, experimental instruments and information-measuring systems of a certain functional level. Examples and consequences of the major mistakes that have been historically made by scientists for the substantial interpretation of theoretical scientific models: this error is unwarranted giving the model the ontological status ("hypostatizations") and its associated error model giving the status of universality. The history of the emergence and development of science was viewed as a process of sequential application of natural scientific method to the study of objects of knowledge, previously studied in the framework of philosophy. We have formulated a promising idea of solving problems of philosophy of natural science methods. In the framework of implementation of this idea, we have proposed a natural-scientific formulation and solution of the basic question of philosophy. This new scientific concept of "Relatively objective and Relatively subjective" and discusses the relationship of the content of these concepts from forms of consciousness. The article gives a natural-scientific definition of consciousness and offers periodic multi-criteria classification of forms of consciousness, including 49 forms of consciousness: the 7 types of 7 consciousness and cognition methods. It examines the dialectics of the changing ideological paradigms from antiquity to the present day and a place of scientific paradigms in the process. It also describes the law of denial-denial in the change of ideological paradigms and on the basis; it explores the hypothesis about the main features of the future ideological paradigm, formed in the present. We have formulated the correct principles of interpreting scientific models of natural-scientific method – scientific method of induction and the principles of open consciousness, i.e. the principles, opening the way for the formation of new, improved and more adequate models of reality than the existing ones which were considered the only true models
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Description
The article analyzes the effect of simulation pattern arrangement and its components for purposes of ideological subjection of mass man who is a perfect consumer for falsely-created needs. Successful functioning of the system affects directly to attainment of all required goals of consumer society, among them the primary is a permanent linear growth. Simulacras presuppose three evolution levels. Modern society has already passed margin of last level. To restrain power over masses, control structures steer peak impact to reinforcement of men undercover fears. By means of mass media, general negative ambience is framed to probable threads amplification. It causes mass men for permanent fear living. The whole public structure is permeated by ideological effect simulacras, especially it concerns trade as a locomotive element of consumer society
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ERICH FROMM’S INTERPRETATION OF MASS MAN DESTRUCTIVENESS
DescriptionThis article reviews interpretative position of prominent German philosopher and psychologist Erich Fromm on mass men destructiveness analysis. As a rule, to reach a goal of well-balanced embedding into consumer society structure, mass man passes through stages of deindividualization and common averaging by accepting prescribed general postulates of society’s authorities. Nevertheless, own personality refusal and ‘rules of the game’ following adduct to moral degradation, which causes destructiveness phenomenon. Out of socio-political regimen, destructiveness appears in attempts of ‘freedom escape’ by any possible means. Totalitarian regimen ideologically steers mass men through total subjection to defined life track by agreement of individuality sacrifice. Democratically-minded consumer societies require deindividualization and partly rights pinching in exchange of status consumption system integration. Any patterns of counteraction to these system processes are commenced by personal activity manifestation and motivation in reaching own goals. However, conformist majority is meant to live according to ideologically defined society rules