07.00.00 Historical sciences
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MONUMENTS OF THE FEBRUARY AND OCTOBER REVOLUTION IN THE TERRITORY OF RUSSIA
DescriptionThe article is devoted to the study of the monuments of revolutions of 1917 in Russia. It is emphasized that from the historical point of view, almost all monuments represent the embodiment of the losses and sufferings of humankind in various armed conflicts. This is especially true for the revolutions of 1917, which changed the entire modern history of the country, and even after 100 years cause a special interest both in the international scientific community and among ordinary people. This study specifies that after the final establishment and approval of the Soviet government, the new government realized that it was needed to create a certain basis, namely, its political symbolism as a foundation for the formation of image of the new government. The most important component of this process was the desire of the authorities to the formation of the ideas of the Soviet people about themselves and their place in the world, and, as a consequence, the folding of the foundations of Soviet patriotism, because the new generation who had no idea about the Russian Empire, began its life in the country, which had an ideology, but just started to develop the system of socialist values. The attention is paid to the fact that the monuments are one of the important elements of the historical and cultural heritage, which reflected the past experience of mankind, broadcast through architectural and sculptural symbols to the present, which contributes not only to the cultural enrichment of mankind, but also used by people to influence worldviews contemporaries. The article says that modern youth need to know the history of their country, not to forget about the numerous victims of various wars, to preserve peace and appreciate life
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Description
The article deals with advocacy, organized with the help of publications by the Bolsheviks in the 20-ies of XX century in the Kuban. It is noted that the press has performed as one of the most important and effective means and played a huge role in the establishment of Soviet power in the Cossack region. The central agency of procurement and distribution of print "Centropechat" at the Central Executive Committee occupied the distribution of official media. It is stated that the content of propaganda and agitation conducted among the civilian population and in the army was determined, above all, as the military-political situation that prevailed in the 20-ies. It is shown that agitation and propaganda carried out by the military newspapers and magazines in difficult conditions and post wartime and the specific tasks were set before the Soviet propaganda organs. The conclusion is that a flexible system for the implementation of advocacy was created during this period. She assumed deepening cooperation and coordination of all the means of propaganda and agitation, which made the Soviet propaganda very successful and effective. The efforts of awareness-raising structures were aimed at creating political awareness and stimulating social activity of the population in this difficult time. The press acted as one of the most powerful tools used by the authorities to achieve the consolidation and integration of society that were the most relevant in the 20ies
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Description
This article reviews the summary of the annual reports of the Horde branch of the Astrakhan chamber for state property and Management of the Kalmyk people, 1848-1892. The Author gave a detailed analysis of the serving duties of the Kalmyks who had the power de jure, on the basis of extensive factual material. It contains data on payment of taxes charged by the administration and established by the following legislative acts: by regulations on the management of the Kalmyk people dated 1834 and regulations for the management of the Kalmyk people dated April 23, 1847. The difference between these legislative acts was in determining the size of the duties. The administration was primarily interested in the total amount of salary collections and arrears for each type of individual duty and also as a whole across the steppe. Due to the specificity the analysis doesn’t show the whole picture of the duties which came under the control of the administration, not to mention those who were outside its competence. The reports represent accounts for the annual collection of arrears for each of the duties individually and also in the aggregate. The so-called statistics of the okladnoy and neokladnoy taxable estate is conditional in nature
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Description
The article is devoted to consideration of experience of management of process of country colonization in southern part of Primorskaya oblast in second half of XIX century. Author offers periodization of politics of a peasant`s settlement, opens feature of realization of the plans of settlement in complicated political and social conditions of Russian Far East of XIX century.
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Description
In the article the features of realization of a state policy in relation to the studying youth in 1985-1991 are analyzed. Influence of social, economic and political changes on system of preparation and education of staffs in average special educational institutions of the Low Volga region are shown
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THE POLICY OF TSARIST RUSSIA IN CHECHNYA AT THE TURN OF THE 1840- 1850-IES
DescriptionIn the article, based on factual material, we reveal the policy of tsarist Russia in Chechnya at the turn of the 1840-1850-ies. The article points out that in 1836, Chechnya was not included in the national liberation movement of highlanders of the North-Eastern Caucasus. In early 1840, Shamil was elected the Imam of Chechnya and the Imam of Dagestan and Chechnya. The same year there was a General revolt in Chechnya. Since that time, the center of the national liberation movement in the North-East Caucasus was moving to Chechnya. The article noted that for the conquest of the Chechen population by the king's command despite military means there were made engineering, economic and ideological measures. In the end, these measures and the teachings of Kunta-Haji, which began to spread in the same period of time, influenced the political situation in Chechnya and the minds of the Chechens. And all this, taken together, led to the fact that since the early 50-ies of the 19th century some groups of the society of Chechnya began to show a tendency towards reconciliation with Russia. In the studied time there was a change of tactics of the king's army in Chechnya. The Royal army was moving from trench warfare to the method of the marginalization of Chechens further and further into the mountains, through the construction of forest rides, and consolidated in the captured territory a system of military forts and Cossack villages. In 1850 the Royal army began to implement a plan of invasion of Chechnya which was Dagestan barns. This undermined the economic base of the Imamate heavily. Since the beginning of the 1850-ies and up until 1859, the center of gravity of the Caucasian war was transferred to Chechnya. There would be major events that would create the fate of the Imamate. Thus, the article characterizes the economic and propaganda policy of tsarism and its importance in the conquest of Chechnya; we have also highlighted the military actions against the mountaineers, explored the tactics and the strategy of the king's army in Chechnya
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THE POLITICAL CRISIS IN THE KALMYK KHANATE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 18TH CENTURY
DescriptionThe article deals with a political crisis in the Kalmyk khanate and the departure of the part of the Volga Kalmyks from South Russia to the borders of the Jungar khanate at the beginning of the XVIII century. The dramatic events of 1701–1702 which were caused by a race for power in a khanʼs family or by an attempt of «palace revolution» are considered in chronological sequence. This conflict was used by the representatives of the Kalmyk ruling elite who were dissatisfied with the khan Ayukaʼs policy and interested in the change of the political power. But the support of the tsarist government given to the Kalmyk khan ruined the plans of the conspirators and some part of them embracing 15 thousand of nomad tents moved on to the territory of Jungaria. This event which cardinally influenced on the alignment of forces in the Oirat society considerably weakened the Kalmyk khanate and correspondingly increased the population size in the Jungar khanate
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PAINTINGS BY S. A. GAVRILYACHENKO, AS ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE SOURCE ON THE DAILY LIFE OF THE COSSACKS
DescriptionIn today's world, one of the most urgent problems is applying to study history of everyday life. In this paper first analyzes the reflection of the everyday life of the Cossacks on the paintings for S. A. Gavrilyachenko. The author examines in detail the work of the artist associated with this theme indicates strengths and weaknesses. Particular attention is paid to the precision display of the Cossack everyday life in the artist's canvases. Based on the study, the author comes to the conclusion about the possibility of using S. A. Gavrilyachenko as one of the sources in the study of Cossack life. The work particularly focuses on the specifics of their use is indicated method of analysis of illustrative sources. The article also highlights the daily life of the Cossacks. The paper identifies features of life and development of the Cossacks, is indicated by its role in the history of Russia. Important place in the life of the Cossacks took the Orthodox faith; they very strictly observe the customs, traditions and beliefs. Particularly tragic was the Cossack period of the February revolution of 1917, at this time the destruction of the centralized management of the Cossack troops occurred. A decisive blow to the bar caused the Civil war of 1917-1923 and what happened during the famine of 1921 — 1922, this theme is most fully represented in the works of S. A. Gavrilyachenko
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PROBLEMS OF RESTORATION OF NATIONAL AUTONOMIES OF REPRESSED PEOPLES
DescriptionThe article attempts to highlight the problems of restoring the autonomies of the repressed peoples of Russia during the Great Patriotic War. Karachais, Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingush, Balkars and other peoples were forcibly relocated to the eastern regions of the country, and their autonomies were abolished. And only after the death of Stalin began the process of softening the special settlement regime for deported peoples. However, the decisive role was played by the 20th Congress of the Party, held in February 1956. At a closed meeting of the congress, the eviction of peoples, NS. Khrushchev called "a gross violation of the national policy of the Soviet state." The Twentieth Party Congress proposed reviving the illegally abolished national autonomies of repressed peoples. Public condemnation of mass repressions against the peoples of the North Caucasus was of great importance for the fate of deported ethnic groups, facilitated a number of measures to restore justice
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THE EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY OF THE ORTHODOX CLERGY OF KUBAN: MAIN STAGES AND THEIR SPECIFICITY
DescriptionThe history of the Kuban region is inseparably linked with activity of Russian Orthodox Church. The main attention is paid to studying a contribution of the orthodox clergy of Kuban to development of education and study of local history. In this research the author disproves the thesis of the Soviet authors, that Orthodoxy was the opponent of studying and development of education. On the basis of the analysis of various sources the educational activity of orthodox clergy of Kuban is comprehensively considered. The huge contribution to the development of education in Kuban was brought by K.V. Rossinskiy. Due to his efforts by 1825 there were 10 parish schools, one parish spiritual school and a gymnasium. Enlightenment has been considered as a complex system of measures aimed at the development of both intellectual and spiritual features of society. For the first time the author gives allocation periods of educational activity of Russian Orthodox Church, according to the author, there were three stages: 1794-1842; 1842- 1860; 1860-1920. The specifics of each of the periods were also specified in this research, as well as the factors influencing the development of the Kuban education. School construction was the most intensive at the third stage that is connected with the end of the Caucasian war and strengthening of positions of Russian Orthodox Church in this region. A significant amount of place in the article was taken by the analysis of the works of Russian Orthodox Church in a field of education and development of patriotism, the role of orthodox clergy of Kuban in development of study of local lore is also lit. The conclusion about an important role of Russian Orthodox Church in the Kuban history is presented in the summary. The orthodox clergy stood at the origins of the Kuban education and study of local lore. It made a brought contribution in literacy distribution, in strengthening of the spiritual beginnings of society, in preservation for descendants of unique data about the past