03.00.00 Biological sciences
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Description
At present, the cultivation of agricultural products is on a level where the growth of productivity and quality is only possible by using the latest achievements of science. Scientists have been developing elements of agro-technologies of complex applications of growth regulators, fungicides and fertilizers in growing winter wheat, providing a significant increase in productivity and quality of agricultural products, reduction of labor costs, energy and all kinds of resources, sustainable harvesting, even in the zone of risky agriculture. Plant growth regulators have multifunctional properties, which are expressed in the regulation of plant growth and development, and in increasing their resilience to adverse weather conditions and many diseases. However, despite the fact that there are many examples of extremely high economic efficiency of plant growth regulators, in terms of production and use of pesticides are much inferior. Retardants and defoliants are used more widely. However, low rates of regulators and elicitors, the ability to manage with their help the growth and development of plants; change the resistance of plants to various external factors determines their prospects. We propose to apply the "agrochemical cocktails." It will induce the systemic plant resistance to the whole growing season, which is not possible in the case of using only one of the fungicides and bactericides. It is necessary to take into account the features of the functioning of the immune system of plants and to develop technological methods of influence on the key stages of the immune response of plants
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BIOLOGICAL AND PRODUCTIVE RESOURCES OF LACTATING COWS AT DENITRIFICATION
DescriptionThe article presents the results obtained in the process of two scientific-practical experiments carried jut on two milk cows (Shvitskay breed) aimed at the antioxidants detoxication properties and mould inhibitor revealing. This factor is actual in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania as the intensive technologies of the fodder crops cultivation using the nitrate fertilizers are widely applied in the region leading to the excess nitrates and nitrite penetration into the animals’ organism. During the first experiment, the antioxidants of epophen and vitamin C were added into the ration of the lactating cows with the subtoxic dosage of nitrates both separately and in complex. The complex feeding proved to increase the milk productivity, the fat mass and protein mass in milk while reducing the fodder expenditure per product unit. Beside, the lactating cows revealed the digestive and intermediate exchange betterment and the reduction of nitrates and nitrites level in blood. The second experiment helped to study Khadoks antioxidant and mould inhibitor called Mold-Zap efficiency use for the nitrates and aflotoxicin B1 detoxication. The researches showed that the complex admixtures of the said preparations introduction into the rations of the animals increased the milk productivity, fat and protein content and reduced aflatoxineM1 content. The cows activated the digestive and intermediate exchange, accompanied with the nitrates and nitrites level reduction in the organism
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Description
This article is devoted to the study of small mammal communities (species composition, daily activity and spatial distribution) in the agrocoenosis. The fields of winter crops that were surrounded by similar fields or by winter crops with meadow vegetation were researched. The Mus musculus became the dominant species in the winter crops agrocoenosis. The R. Sylvaemus living near the border with field-protective forest belts (and 25 meters field around) are subdominant group. Marked single finds Mus musculus in the forest and R. Sylvaemus in the field (at a distance before 50 meters). It is shown that the presence of meadow vegetation increases the species diversity of mice in the agrocoenosis. In the middle of this field a subdominantion group is Microtus arvalis s.l. and Cricetulus migratorius. The both species prefer a neighborhood with meadow vegetation. The method of recapture, followed by labeling with animals, made it possible to fix the movement for a distance of about 400 m. during the night (maximum values were males Mus musculus). The activity of small mammals in the winter crops was timed to coincide with the day-night cycles, with high activity from 01:00 to 04:00 am, and minimum activity after 09:00 hours of the morning before 08:00 pm
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Description
The optimum combination of quantitative and qualitative relationships between structures of organic and mineral wastes of various industries provides the formation of compound composts, which improves its physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, helps conserve macro- and micronutrients, organic matter, enhance ecological niches system, to ensure the development of ecological trophic groups of microorganisms
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Description
This article is devoted to treatment effects of cuttings of a grape variety called Moldova with 0.01% solution of heteroauxin on their regenerative capacity, depending on the light conditions. We have established that the germination of cuttings in the dark, as well as the treatment of heteroauxin significantly stimulate their regenerative abilities. The length of the shoots, regardless of the use of heteroauxin, depends on the mode of the light produced during the germination of cuttings. In both studies, the length of the shoots on the end of experiment cuttings germinated in the dark, was 1,71-2,66 times more than when germinated in the light. Cuttings rooting ability also largely depends on the light produced in their germination. In both studies, the rooting of cuttings started earlier and passed more rapidly during their germination in the dark. Processing cuttings with heteroauxin, followed by germination in the dark, speeded up the formation of roots even more, compared with the case where the cuttings treated with heteroauxin germinated in the light. In the best case rooting increased by 42,5-47,5%, the number of roots on basal ends of cuttings in 18,3- 18,5 times, the numbers of cuttings with 3 or more roots to 72,5-80,0%
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LAMPENFLORA OF NOVOAFONSKAYA CAVE
DescriptionNovoafonskaya cave is located in Abkhazia. It is equipped for visits in 1975. The cave has permanently installed lighting. In caves with artificial lighting, a vegetation of cyanobacteria and algae, bryophytes and ferns can be found around lamps. The development of lampenflora is a typical problem for cave management. We have identified 69 species of phototrophs in Novoafonskaya cave: Magnoliophyta 2 species, Pteridophyta 6 species, Bryophyta 11 species, Cyanobacteria 34 species, Bacillariophyta 9 species, Ochrophyta 2 species, Chlorophyta 5 species. The article considers main habitat of lampenflora and gives their characteristics. We have also revealed predominance of cyanobacteria in the cave
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Description
The article presents the results of the research on the effect of processing cuttings grapes Moldova and Bianca by a growth regulator called Stimolant 66f (Stimolante 66f) on their regenerative properties, the yield and quality of seedlings. In Moldova grade, we tested three concentrations of the drug - 0.001; 0.01 and 0.1% and grade Bianca - five - - 0.001; 0.005; 0.01; 0.05 and 0.1%, compared to treatment with IAA (standard) or without treatment (control). It was found, that both types of processing cuttings with IAA led to the inhibition of blooming buds. Application of Stimolanta to both varieties accelerated blooming buds, and to the greatest extent on grade Bianca. On the variety Moldova, the processing cuttings with heteroauxin and Stimolant at 0.01 and 0.1% had an inhibitory effect on the growth of shoots, which survived to the end of the experiment. On the variety of Bianca, both the IAA and Stimolant at all concentrations of working solution contributed to a significant increase the length of the shoots. At grade Moldova, basal ends of cuttings treatment for 24 hours in solutions of Stimolanta at 0.01 and 0.1% concentration had the root-growing ability stimulated, enhanced the yield and quality of seedlings. In grade Bianca, better rooting of cuttings with 3 or more roots was observed in the variant of "Stimolant - 0.05%", and a greater number of roots were produced in the version of "Stimolant - 0.1%." In cuttings of varieties ofMoldova, Stimolant showed better results than the IAA in optimal concentrations, and grade Bianca had about the same results
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METHOD OF SKETCHES IN ARCHAEOGENETICS AND BREEDING OF AGRICULTURAL PLANTS
DescriptionThe issues associated with visualization images of the examined object and the method of sketches or visual notes have been discussed in the article. The images of lagenaria (bottle, shape pumpkins or gourds) in works of art and agrobotanic illustration as a research tool have been selected, with the aim to conduct a visual analysis of the morphological characteristics of bottle gourd for further application of the knowledge gained in archaeogenetics and plant breeding. The article presents images of plants of lagenaria for the period from 1311 to 2014 years. Visual analysis of the morphological characteristics of lagenaria on the basis of visual notes allowed us to identify several key points: the polymorphism of fruits and different duration of the vegetation period, particularly of the reproductive system, which is characterized by different proportions of male and female flowers, the presence of pollinators, night flowering, fruit pubescence on the first stages of development, polymorphism seeds, features maturation based on the size and weight of the fetus. Understanding the range of individual development allows the breeder to submit a complete selection issue, search for new signs will touch the ancient forms of the object, diseases, pests, images which have remained only on the pictures. In our opinion, the method of visual notes can be successfully used in the educational process because it stimulates creativity and cognitive activity of students to search for information about the studied object and its reflection
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EFFECT OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES ON SEEDS GERMINATION OF WINTER BARLEY
DescriptionThe article presents experimental data on the research of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with mean diameter 15 nm and 50 nm effect on seeds germination and growth of 3-day-old etiolated coleoptiles and roots. Compared with distilled water (control) initial colloidal solution of 15 nm and 50 nm GNPs (57 µg/ml) had no significant impact on seeds germination and growth of coleoptiles and roots. However, in both cases a weak tendency to stimulation of the coleoptile growth and root growth inhibition was observed. Reduction of 15 nm GNPs concentration down to 10 µg/ml and 1 µg/ml had not effect on the growth of the seedlings, but stimulated seed germination up to twofold. Similar concentrations of 50 nm GNPs exerted the stimulating effect on seed germination (twofold) and the growth of root and coleoptiles. Seedlings grew especially intensive in colloidal GNPs solution with Au concentration of 10 µg/ml. Temperature rise of 2 degrees (from 25°C to 27°C) resulted in growth increase of control 3-day-old seedlings and opposite effect of 50 nm GNPs: coleoptiles and roots growth fell behind control seedlings growth by 16-17%. However, on the 4th day, the relative growth slowdown of control seedlings occurred at 27°C and growth stimulation effect under the influence of 50 nm GNPs appeared again. Over time, the stimulating effect of 50 nm GNPs decreased: at the end of October it weakened, and in November – beginning of December, it was no observed for the roots, and there was a decline in coleoptiles growth. However, in all cases the effect of stimulation of seeds germination persisted under the influence of 50 nm GNPs, weakening by December. We hypothesize the molecular mechanisms of biological action of GNPs
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DESIGN OF THERAPEUTIC PHAGE COCKTAILS BASED ON T4-TYPE BACTERIOPHAGES: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
DescriptionIn the review, the stages of designing therapeutic cocktails of T4 type bacteriophages based on works by Harald Brüssow from Nestlé S.A. (Switzerland) are considered. The main stages of this process are identified: analysis of existing cocktails, selection of phages; creating a collection; cultivation of the host bacterium, multiplication of viruses; purification of the preparation; contamination testing; preservation, stabilization and storage; preclinical and clinical trials. H. Brüssow first studied the Russian drug " Coli-Proteus bacteriophage " of "Microgen" with the help of metagenomic analysis, electron microscopy and conducted its clinical studies. Prof. Brüssow considered the advantages of T4 bacteriophages for the treatment of Escherichia coli infections. Researchers studied methods of cultivation in Erlenmeyer flasks, in a bioreactor, in disposable sack cultivators for the propagation of viruses. For its purification the chromatography, centrifugation, filtration and polyethylene glycol precipitation were studied. To quickly check the contamination of phage cocktails, a mass spectrometry method is proposed. Researchers considered basic strategies, such as lyophilization, spray drying, the formation of microcrystals and microspheres to stabilize the preparations. They also reviewed the results of clinical trials of phage cocktails. We have listed the problems of selecting T4 bacteriophages from the point of view of modern knowledge. H. Brüssow and his colleagues carried out an interesting work on the construction of phage cocktails based on T4 type bacteriophages, and also revealed the problems of the current state of phage therapy