03.00.00 Biological sciences
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THE CONCEPT OF THE «RNA WORLD»: THEORY AND PRACTICE
DescriptionThe review examines research unusual properties of RNA. RNA has the ability to act as both genes and enzymes (ribozymes). This property could offer a way around the «chicken-and-egg» problem: genes require enzymes; enzymes require genes. Furthermore, RNA can be transcribed into DNA, in reverse of the normal process of transcription. These facts are reasons to consider that the RNA world could be the original pathway to cells. The general notion of an «RNA World» is that, in the early development of life on the Earth, genetic continuity was assured by the replication of RNA and genetically encoded proteins were not involved as catalysts. There is now strong evidence indicating that an RNA World did indeed exist before DNAand protein-based life. RNA has multiple functions. Among these, "messenger RNA" carries genetic information from DNA to protein formation. RNA is often a single-stranded spiral, but also exists in double-stranded form. In 1998, Craig Mello and Andrew Fire discovered through their studies of the roundworm C. elegans a phenomenon dubbed "RNA interference". In this phenomenon, double-stranded RNA blocks messenger RNA so that certain genetic information is not converted during protein formation. This "silences" these genes, i.e. renders them inactive. The phenomenon plays an important regulatory role within a genome. Recent years have been perhaps the most fruitful period yet in terms of research in the area of mRNA stability (Phenomena: Gene Silencing; RNA interference; Identity of mRNA decay in vivo and in vitro). The elaboration of new methods in biothechnology have been presented
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Description
The article covers the Akabane disease agent identification in the new green monkey kidney continuous cell line (VERO) that has not been used for that in Russia before. Besides, the time for the virus detection using the fluorescent antibody method was found to be considerable decreased
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DESIGN OF THERAPEUTIC PHAGE COCKTAILS BASED ON T4-TYPE BACTERIOPHAGES: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
DescriptionIn the review, the stages of designing therapeutic cocktails of T4 type bacteriophages based on works by Harald Brüssow from Nestlé S.A. (Switzerland) are considered. The main stages of this process are identified: analysis of existing cocktails, selection of phages; creating a collection; cultivation of the host bacterium, multiplication of viruses; purification of the preparation; contamination testing; preservation, stabilization and storage; preclinical and clinical trials. H. Brüssow first studied the Russian drug " Coli-Proteus bacteriophage " of "Microgen" with the help of metagenomic analysis, electron microscopy and conducted its clinical studies. Prof. Brüssow considered the advantages of T4 bacteriophages for the treatment of Escherichia coli infections. Researchers studied methods of cultivation in Erlenmeyer flasks, in a bioreactor, in disposable sack cultivators for the propagation of viruses. For its purification the chromatography, centrifugation, filtration and polyethylene glycol precipitation were studied. To quickly check the contamination of phage cocktails, a mass spectrometry method is proposed. Researchers considered basic strategies, such as lyophilization, spray drying, the formation of microcrystals and microspheres to stabilize the preparations. They also reviewed the results of clinical trials of phage cocktails. We have listed the problems of selecting T4 bacteriophages from the point of view of modern knowledge. H. Brüssow and his colleagues carried out an interesting work on the construction of phage cocktails based on T4 type bacteriophages, and also revealed the problems of the current state of phage therapy
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CONSTRUCTION OF MUTANTS OF BACTERIOPHAGE T4 WITH REDUCED ANTIGENICITY
DescriptionA method of obtaining insertion mutants for the hoc gene, which encodes for the main phage antigen, was developed on the model of bacteriophage T4. This gene was cloned in the plasmid pBSL0+ and was disrupted by insertion of foreign DNA. The phage mutants were obtained by in vivo phage-plasmid recombination. The construction of insertion bacteriophage mutants was carried out in two stages. The resulting mutants on this procedure could be grown on wild-type E. coli strains, which is convenient for the production and use of these phages in therapy. The mutants obtained had reduced antigenicity. At the same time, the yield of the mutant strains was high when they were grown on the non-suppressor E. coli laboratory strains. A number of stages of purification of the bacteriophage mutants obtained were performed. Preparations have been studied by transmission electron microscopy and mass spectrometry. By several periodic cultivations of the mutant bacteriophages, it was shown that mutations of this type are stably maintained during more than 50 generations. T4 related bacteriophages of the family Myoviridae, for example, T-even, have the significant homology amongst their genomes, which makes possible to produce similar mutants. Thus, our method was developed to obtain mutants with reduced antigenicity which can be used for both the treatment of systemic infections, and diarrhea in the case, when, bacteriophages penetrate into the bloodstream. Such phages can be used in medicine and veterinary. The reported study was partially supported by RFBR, research projects No. 13-04-00991, 16-44-230855
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Description
On the basis of the analysis of documentary data of Open Company «Tuimsky factory of nonferrous metals processing», the degree of the conformity of spent actions to requirements of preservation of the environment is established
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Description
The article discusses the formation of the collection that includes the most numerous genus Pelargonium (L.Herit.) from the family Geraniaceae Juss, as well as its importance, and the prospects for replenishing and use. There is also analysis of the publications for the recent years, clarifying approaches and principles in classifying the representatives of this species. The collection of Russian Research Institute of Floriculture and Subtropical Crops is described, taking into account new palynological and cytogenetic criteria in pelargoniums section division. It is represented by more than 120 species, cultivars, as well as intravarietal and interspecific hybrids and is divided into three branches (A, B, C2), three subgenus (Pelargonium. Parvulipetala, Paucisignata) and five sections (Pelargonium, Otidia, Peristera., Reniformia Ciconium). Collection samples are included to the breeding research, as sources of economic features when creating highly-ornamental hybrids and cultivars. The work also studies possible using of the most adapted species, cultivars and hybrids in urban landscaping on the Black Sea coast
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Description
The article presents the results of the quantitative analysis of the generative and the endocrine functions of the testis of the Rattus norvegicus Albinus at the stages of adaptation to low seasonal temperatures
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CLONE SELECTION – THE MODERN BASE FOR RAISING GRAPE PRODUCTION
DescriptionThe clone selection has very outstanding position behind the actual problems of modern viticulture in the world and in our country. This problem usually has the primary importance behind the scientist who works with grape in all the countries such as USA, German, French, Spain, Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria, Moldavia, Ukraine and etc. In our country last years some positions becomes solving in the plane of scientific research work. Consequently, in the article the history and the situation of clone selection of grape on the Eurasian continent is widely covered.
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Description
In this article, we discuss the results of the research of quality characteristics of Russian and foreign rice varieties. Possibility of using data in characterizing germplasm from collection is discussed
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WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT AND BIOTA IN THE VILUY REGION
DescriptionNumerous revealed negative impacts of the diamond industry and Vilyuiskaya HPP on the aquatic environment and biological objects are more expressed in the change of the hydrochemical regime in water basin of Viluy and as its consequence - in violation of the structural and functional nature of the components of aquatic biota; in the change of he average biomass and abundance of planktonic populations (phytoplankton and zooplankton) and benthic organisms, and in general - in the change of the flow energy in an aquatic ecosystem